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Salmonella: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention | Easy-to-Understand Guide

Jerome Albert Ecker | MD

Medically reviewed by Jerome Albert Ecker | MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Duke University - Durham, NC on June 25th, 2023.

Key Takeaways

  • Over 1.35 million infections occur annually in the US, with symptoms typically appearing 6-72 hours after exposure and lasting 3-7 days in healthy adults.
  • The bacteria thrives in foods kept between 40-140°F (the "danger zone"), making improperly stored leftovers, picnic foods, and buffet items high-risk sources.
  • Internal cooking temperatures of 165°F for poultry, 160°F for ground meat, and 145°F for whole cuts effectively kill the bacteria—surface cleaning won't eliminate contamination.
  • Most people recover without antibiotics, which can actually prolong bacterial shedding; severe cases requiring hospitalization occur in about 26,500 Americans yearly.
  • Cross-contamination from raw chicken is responsible for many infections—using separate cutting boards and washing hands for 20 seconds with soap prevents spread to other foods.

Salmonella is a type of bacteria that can cause an illness called salmonellosis or salmonella infection. It's a common condition, with over a million cases reported in the United States each year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

What Causes Salmonella Infection?

Salmonella bacteria can be found in the intestines and feces of people and animals. The infection often spreads through contaminated foods, such as:

  • Raw or undercooked meat, poultry, and eggs

  • Unpasteurized milk and dairy products

  • Raw fruits and vegetables

  • Processed foods like chicken nuggets and nut butters

You can also get salmonella through poor handwashing after using the bathroom or handling pets like dogs, cats, birds, and reptiles.

Symptoms of Salmonella Infection

The main symptoms of salmonella infection are related to the digestive system and may include:

  • Stomach cramps

  • Diarrhea (sometimes bloody)

  • Fever

  • Chills

  • Headache

  • Nausea and vomiting

Symptoms usually start 12 to 96 hours after infection and can last 3 to 7 days. Most people recover on their own at home, but some may experience complications like dehydration or reactive arthritis.

Salmonella: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention | Easy-to-Understand Guide

Treating Salmonella Infection

Treatment for salmonella poisoning typically focuses on staying hydrated and replacing lost electrolytes. Drink plenty of water and other fluids, and consider using a rehydration liquid like Pedialyte. In severe cases, your doctor may recommend:

  • Anti-diarrheal medication (e.g., loperamide)

  • Antibiotics for severe illness

  • Intravenous (IV) fluids for dehydration

Preventing Salmonella Infection

To reduce your risk of getting salmonella, follow these tips:

  • Cook meat, poultry, and eggs thoroughly

  • Wash raw fruits and vegetables well

  • Avoid unpasteurized milk and juice

  • Wash your hands frequently, especially after using the bathroom or handling animals

  • Keep kitchen surfaces clean and avoid cross-contamination between raw and cooked foods

If you suspect you have salmonella infection and your symptoms persist for more than a week or become severe, consult your healthcare provider. For more information, visit the Mayo Clinic or World Health Organization websites.

The Bottom Line

This foodborne illness resolves on its own in most cases with proper hydration, but prevention through safe food handling and adequate cooking temperatures is your best defense. Seek medical attention for high fever over 102°F, signs of dehydration, or bloody stools. If you're experiencing concerning symptoms, Doctronic can help you determine whether you need immediate care.

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