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Read MoreMedically reviewed by Alan Lucks | MD, Alan Lucks MDPC Private Practice - New York on September 9th, 2023.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common health issue that can affect anyone. These infections occur when bacteria enter the urinary system, which includes the bladder, kidneys, ureters (tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder), and urethra (the tube that carries urine out of the body). In this article, we'll discuss the causes, symptoms, risk factors, and treatment options for UTIs.
UTIs can occur in different parts of the urinary system:
Cystitis: An infection in the bladder
Pyelonephritis: An infection in the kidneys
Most UTIs are caused by bacteria normally found in the gut, such as E. coli. Other bacteria that can cause UTIs include:
Staphylococcus
Proteus
Klebsiella
Enterococcus
Pseudomonas
Some UTIs may also be caused by sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like Chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma, and ureaplasma, or by the parasite trichomonas.
Certain factors can increase your risk of developing a UTI:
Being female (due to a shorter urethra)
Having a history of UTIs
Certain medical conditions (diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injuries)
Menopause
Being overweight
Blockages in the urinary tract (tumors, kidney stones, enlarged prostate)
Using a diaphragm or spermicide for birth control
Having a catheter
For men: having sex with men, having HIV, or being uncircumcised
Common symptoms of a UTI include:
A strong, persistent urge to urinate
A burning sensation when urinating
Passing frequent, small amounts of urine
Cloudy, dark, or strange-smelling urine
Pelvic pain (in women)
Rectal pain (in men)
If the infection has spread to the kidneys, you may also experience:
Fever and chills
Nausea and vomiting
Upper back and side pain
Most UTIs can be treated with antibiotics. Be sure to complete the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by your healthcare provider, even if your symptoms improve. A urine culture and sensitivity may be done to determine the causative germ and the best treatment. In some cases, pain relief medication may also be recommended to manage discomfort.
If you suspect you have a UTI, it's essential to seek medical attention to prevent the infection from spreading to the kidneys or developing into sepsis. Your healthcare provider will diagnose the infection and determine the best course of treatment based on your specific situation.
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