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Read MoreUnderstanding Multiple Myeloma: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
Medically reviewed by William Wadzinski | MD , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences on April 2nd, 2024. Updated on April 30th, 2026
Key Takeaways
This cancer originates when plasma cells—immune cells that produce antibodies—become malignant and crowd out healthy bone marrow, affecting 34,000 Americans annually with a median age of diagnosis at 70.
The classic symptom combination includes bone pain (especially back pain from compression fractures), anemia-related fatigue, hypercalcemia causing confusion, and kidney dysfunction from excess protein production.
Blood tests reveal elevated M-protein (abnormal antibodies), while imaging shows characteristic "punched-out" bone lesions; bone marrow biopsy confirming >10% plasma cells clinches the diagnosis.
African Americans have twice the risk of developing this cancer compared to whites, while prior MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy) progresses to active disease at 1% per year.
Treatment typically involves 3-4 cycles of induction therapy (often lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone), followed by autologous stem cell transplant in eligible patients under 65-70 years old.
Multiple myeloma, also known as Kahler's disease, is a type of blood cancer that affects plasma cells in the bone marrow. Although there is no cure for multiple myeloma, treatments can help slow the progression of the disease and manage symptoms. In this article, we'll explore the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for multiple myeloma.
What Causes Multiple Myeloma?
The exact cause of multiple myeloma is unknown, but several factors can increase your risk of developing the disease. These risk factors include:
Being over the age of 65
Being male
Being African American
Having a family history of multiple myeloma
Being overweight or obese
Exposure to radiation or certain chemicals
Symptoms of Multiple Myeloma
In the early stages of multiple myeloma, you may not experience any symptoms. As the disease progresses, you may notice:
Bone pain
Weakness and fatigue
Weight loss and loss of appetite
Nausea and constipation
Confusion
Frequent infections
Severe thirst
Numbness or weakness in the arms and legs
Diagnosing Multiple Myeloma
If your doctor suspects you may have multiple myeloma, they will order several tests to confirm the diagnosis. These tests may include:
Blood tests to measure calcium levels, red blood cell count, kidney function, and protein levels
Urine tests to check for unusual proteins
Bone marrow biopsy to examine the number of plasma cells in the bone marrow
Imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, or PET scans to look for bone damage
Treatment Options for Multiple Myeloma
Treatment for multiple myeloma depends on the stage of the disease and the individual patient's needs. Common treatment options include:
Medications
Chemotherapy drugs to kill cancer cells
Targeted therapies to prevent cancer growth
Immunomodulatory drugs to strengthen the immune system
Corticosteroids to help manage side effects and enhance other treatments
Stem Cell Transplant
In some cases, a stem cell transplant may be recommended. This involves using high-dose chemotherapy to destroy cancer cells and then replacing the damaged bone marrow with healthy stem cells from the patient or a donor.
Treatments for Bone Symptoms
Bisphosphonates to slow bone breakdown
Monoclonal antibodies to stop cells that break down bone
Radiation therapy to kill cancer cells and strengthen weakened bones
Outlook for Multiple Myeloma Patients
The outlook for multiple myeloma patients varies depending on the stage of the disease and the individual's response to treatment. Some patients may live for years with few symptoms, while others may experience a more rapid progression of the disease. Blood tests measuring albumin and beta-2-microglobulin levels can help predict survival rates.
If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with multiple myeloma, it's essential to work closely with your healthcare team to develop a personalized treatment plan. Seeking support from organizations like the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation can also provide valuable resources and support for patients and their families.
For more information on multiple myeloma, visit the following reputable sources:
The Bottom Line
While incurable, modern treatments have doubled survival rates to 6-7 years, with some patients living decades through sequential therapies and maintenance protocols. Early recognition of bone pain, fatigue, and recurrent infections is crucial since prompt treatment prevents irreversible organ damage. If you're experiencing persistent symptoms or have concerning lab results, Doctronic can help connect you with specialists quickly.
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