One of the most common causes of UGIB is peptic ulcers, which are sores that develop on the lining of the stomach or the upper part of the small intestine. These ulcers can bleed, leading to symptoms like vomiting blood or passing black stools. They are often caused by infections such as Helicobacter pylori or the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Stress and excess stomach acid can also contribute to the development of these ulcers.

Esophagitis is another frequent cause of UGIB and occurs when the esophagus becomes inflamed. This condition is often linked to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), where stomach acid frequently flows back into the esophagus. Medications and infections can also trigger esophagitis. Those suffering from this condition may experience symptoms like heartburn, difficulty swallowing, and, in severe cases, bleeding.

Varices are enlarged veins that can develop in the esophagus or stomach, often due to liver disease and portal hypertension. These veins can rupture, leading to potentially life-threatening bleeding. The risk of bleeding increases with the severity of liver disease. Treatment often involves procedures to reduce portal pressure or directly address the bleeding veins.

Understanding the causes of UGIB can help you take preventive measures and seek timely treatment.