Genital Warts: A Comprehensive Guide
Medically reviewed by Andre Stone | MD, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine on April 4th, 2026.
Published on April 4th, 2026. Updated on August 24th, 2026.
Key Takeaways
Genital warts are usually caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6 and 11.
They appear as small, flesh-colored growths in the genital and anal areas
HPV is spread through skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity
Most cases resolve on their own, but treatment can speed up the process
The HPV vaccine can prevent many cases of genital warts
Overview
Genital warts are soft growths that develop in the genital and anal areas. They're one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the United States. The human papillomavirus (HPV) causes these warts, particularly types 6 and 11.
About 400,000 people get genital warts each year in the US. They can affect anyone who is sexually active. The good news is that genital warts are treatable and usually not dangerous.
Unlike skin bumps from other causes, genital warts have a distinct appearance and location. They often cause emotional distress, but they rarely lead to serious health problems. Many people feel embarrassed about genital warts, but it's important to remember that this is a very common condition. Getting treatment can help remove visible warts and relieve symptoms, but it may not prevent HPV from spreading to others.
Symptoms & Signs
Genital warts can look different from person to person. Some people have obvious growths, while others have warts so small they're hard to see.
Primary Symptoms
Small, flesh-colored or gray growths in the genital area
Warts that feel soft and have a bumpy, cauliflower-like texture
Itching or discomfort in the affected area
Bleeding during or after sexual contact
When to Seek Care
See a healthcare provider if you notice any unusual growths in your genital area. New bumps, changes in existing warts, or persistent itching all need medical attention. Don't try to self-diagnose, as other conditions can look similar. You might also notice that warts seem to grow larger or spread to new areas over time. Some warts stay small and don't change much, while others grow quickly. Either way, a doctor can help you figure out the best plan.
When to Seek Immediate Care
Get medical help right away if you have severe pain, heavy bleeding, or signs of infection like fever or pus.
Causes & Risk Factors
Age
Most common in people aged 17-33 years old
Genetics
Some people have immune systems that fight HPV better than others
Lifestyle
Multiple sexual partners, unprotected sex, smoking, and stress increase risk
Other Conditions
Weakened immune system from HIV, medications, or other illnesses
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Diagnosis
Medical History & Physical Examination
Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and sexual history. They'll want to know when you first noticed the warts and if you have any pain or itching. Be honest about your sexual activity, as this helps with diagnosis.
During the exam, your doctor will look at the affected areas. They might use a special magnifying tool to see small warts better. For women, this might include a pelvic exam to check for warts inside the vagina or on the cervix.
Diagnostic Testing
Visual examination by a healthcare provider to identify characteristic appearance
A healthcare provider usually diagnoses genital warts by examining them. A biopsy may be needed if the diagnosis is uncertain or the growths look unusual.
Cervical cancer screening should follow the usual recommendations for your age and health history; it is not used to diagnose genital warts.
HPV testing is not used to diagnose genital warts because it does not guide wart treatment.
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Treatment Options
The goal of treatment is to remove visible warts and reduce symptoms. Many warts go away on their own without treatment, but this can take months or years. Treatment doesn't cure the HPV virus, but it helps your immune system control it over time.
Conservative Treatments
Prescription creams like imiquimod that boost your immune system to fight the virus
Podofilox solution that you apply at home to destroy wart tissue
Trichloroacetic acid applied by a healthcare provider to burn off warts
Advanced Treatments
Cryotherapy (freezing) with liquid nitrogen for stubborn or large warts
Laser therapy for extensive warts that don't respond to other treatments
Surgical removal for very large warts or when other treatments fail
Similar to how eczema treatment requires patience, genital wart treatment often takes time and multiple sessions. Your doctor will help you pick the best treatment for your situation. Some treatments work better for certain people than others.
Living with the Condition
Daily Management Strategies
Keep the affected area clean and dry. Wear loose, breathable clothing to reduce irritation. Avoid touching or picking at warts, as this can spread the virus to other areas. Tell sexual partners about your condition so they can make informed decisions.
Use condoms during sexual activity, though they don't provide complete protection. The virus can spread from areas not covered by condoms. Consider temporary abstinence during active outbreaks to reduce transmission risk. Avoid sharing personal items such as razors, towels, or underwear for general hygiene, though HPV is not spread through these items. Most importantly, be kind to yourself as you deal with this condition.
Exercise & Movement
Regular exercise is safe and healthy. Avoid activities that might irritate the warts, like tight clothing or excessive sweating in the genital area. Swimming is generally fine, but shower afterward and avoid sharing towels. You can continue doing the activities you enjoy while you're getting treatment. Just pay attention to what makes your symptoms better or worse. Rest is also important for helping your immune system fight the virus.
Prevention
Get the HPV vaccine, which protects against the virus types that cause most genital warts
Use condoms consistently, though they don't provide complete protection against HPV
Limit your number of sexual partners to reduce exposure risk
Don't smoke, as it weakens your immune system and makes you more likely to get HPV infections
The HPV vaccine is very effective and safe for preventing genital warts. It works best when given before you become sexually active. Talk to your doctor about whether the vaccine is right for you, even if you've already been exposed to HPV.
Frequently Asked Questions
The HPV types that cause genital warts (6 and 11) rarely cause cancer. Follow the recommended cervical cancer screening schedule for your age and health history.
Not always. About 30% of people have warts return after treatment. This happens because treatments remove visible warts but don't cure the underlying HPV infection.
HPV spreads through direct skin contact, not through objects like toilet seats. HPV usually spreads through direct skin-to-skin sexual contact, not through household items such as toilet seats, towels, or razors.
Warts can appear months or even years after HPV exposure. Some people never develop visible warts even though they have the virus.
It's possible but rare for babies to get HPV during delivery. Most women with genital warts can have normal vaginal deliveries. Your doctor will discuss the best delivery plan for your situation.
Still have questions?
Consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice.