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Cracking the Code: How Doctors Diagnose Multiple Myeloma
Published: Aug 31, 2024
Diagnosing multiple myeloma is like solving a complex puzzle. Doctors use a variety of tests to piece together the full picture of what's happening in your body.
Blood Tests: The First Clue
Blood tests are usually the first step in diagnosing multiple myeloma. Doctors look for several key indicators: high levels of calcium, low red blood cell count (anemia), high levels of creatinine (a sign of kidney problems), and the presence of abnormal proteins called monoclonal proteins. These proteins are like a signature of myeloma cells. Think of it as finding fingerprints at a crime scene - these abnormal proteins are a telltale sign that something's not right.
Urine Tests: Another Piece of the Puzzle
A 24-hour urine collection test is often done to look for Bence Jones proteins, which are pieces of the abnormal proteins produced by myeloma cells. This test can help determine how much protein is being produced and how well your kidneys are functioning. It's like checking the filters in your home - if they're clogged with debris (in this case, proteins), it's a sign that something's not working properly.
Bone Marrow Biopsy: A Closer Look
A bone marrow biopsy is a crucial test for diagnosing multiple myeloma. In this procedure, a small sample of bone marrow is taken, usually from the hip bone, and examined under a microscope. Doctors look for the percentage of plasma cells in the bone marrow - if more than 10% are abnormal plasma cells, it's a strong indicator of multiple myeloma. This test is like taking a core sample from the earth - it gives doctors a direct look at what's happening deep inside your bones.
Imaging Tests: Mapping the Damage
Imaging tests like X-rays, MRI, CT scans, or PET scans are used to check for bone damage or tumors. These tests can show areas where myeloma cells have weakened the bones, potentially causing fractures or compression. It's like getting a satellite view of your skeleton - these images can reveal problems that aren't visible from the outside.
Frequently Asked Questions
Most are painless, but bone marrow biopsy may cause brief discomfort.
It can take a few days to a couple of weeks for all results.
Your doctor will determine which tests are necessary based on your symptoms.
Yes, when combined, these tests can provide a definitive diagnosis.
If diagnosed, you'll have regular tests to monitor your condition and treatment response.
Putting It All Together
While the diagnostic process for multiple myeloma can seem overwhelming, each test provides valuable information to guide your treatment and care.
References
- Kyle RA, Gertz MA, Witzig TE, et al. Review of 1027 patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Mayo Clin Proc 2003; 78:21.
- Rajkumar SV, Dimopoulos MA, Palumbo A, et al. International Myeloma Working Group updated criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. Lancet Oncol 2014; 15:e538.
- Dimopoulos M, Kyle R, Fermand JP, et al. Consensus recommendations for standard investigative workup: report of the International Myeloma Workshop Consensus Panel 3. Blood 2011; 117:4701.
This article has been reviewed for accuracy by one of the licensed medical doctors working for Doctronic. Always discuss health information with your healthcare provider.
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