What Causes Vaginal Dryness and How Do You Treat It?

Vaginal dryness often occurs when estrogen levels drop, which can reduce natural lubrication and make vaginal tissue thinner. It can also have other causes. This affects up to 40% of women during perimenopause and menopause, though it can happen at any age due to breastfeeding, certain medications, or medical treatments. Common causes include hormonal changes, antihistamines, antidepressants, and cancer treatments. Treatment options range from over-the-counter vaginal moisturizers and water-based lubricants to prescription hormone therapy. Lifestyle changes like staying hydrated, avoiding harsh soaps, and using fragrance-free products can help. For persistent symptoms, healthcare providers may recommend low-dose vaginal estrogen, which is often effective and generally results in low systemic absorption. People with a history of hormone-sensitive cancer should discuss whether it is appropriate with their healthcare team.