Pressure Ulcers: A Comprehensive Guide
Medically reviewed by Andre Stone | MD, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine on August 24th, 2026.
Published on April 8th, 2026. Updated on August 28th, 2026.
Key Takeaways
Pressure ulcers are wounds caused by constant pressure on the skin, often affecting bedridden or wheelchair-bound patients
These sores develop in stages, from redness to deep tissue damage that can expose bone
Early detection and proper wound care can prevent serious complications like infection
People with limited mobility, poor nutrition, or certain medical conditions have higher risk
Prevention through position changes, proper nutrition, and skin care is more effective than treatment
Overview
Pressure ulcers, also called bedsores or pressure sores, are injuries to the skin and tissue beneath it. Without proper blood flow, the skin and tissue begin to die. When you stay in one spot too long, your body weight pushes down on your skin and cuts off the blood supply.
These wounds most often develop over bony areas like the tailbone, hips, heels, and elbows. People who spend long periods in bed or wheelchairs face the highest risk. However, pressure ulcers can affect anyone who cannot move easily or change positions regularly.
Pressure ulcers are a serious health concern that affects about 2.5 million Americans each year. They can lead to pain, infection, and longer hospital stays. In severe cases, untreated pressure ulcers can become life-threatening. The good news is that most pressure ulcers can be prevented with proper care and attention. Catching them early makes a big difference in how well they heal. With the right treatment, many people recover completely without lasting damage.
Symptoms & Signs
Pressure ulcers develop gradually and may not be painful at first. The symptoms depend on how deep the wound goes and which stage it has reached. Knowing what to look for helps catch problems before they become serious.
Primary Symptoms
Skin discoloration - Red, purple, or darker patches that don't fade when pressed
Open wounds - Shallow craters or deep holes in the skin that may drain fluid
Pain or tenderness - Discomfort in the affected area, though some people may not feel pain
Changes in skin texture - Areas that feel warmer, cooler, softer, or firmer than surrounding skin
When to Seek Care
Watch for signs that a pressure ulcer is getting worse or becoming infected. These include spreading redness, increased pain, warmth around the wound, fever, or foul-smelling drainage. Any suspected pressure ulcer—especially an open wound—should be assessed promptly by a healthcare professional rather than watched for several days. You should also see a doctor if you notice swelling, pus, or if the area becomes more tender and warm. Don't wait to get help if you're unsure whether something is serious.
When to Seek Immediate Care
Contact a healthcare professional promptly for possible infection. Seek urgent or emergency care for severe or rapidly worsening symptoms, such as confusion, unusual sleepiness, rapid breathing, spreading redness, or feeling very ill.
Causes & Risk Factors
Pressure ulcers form when blood flow to the skin gets cut off for too long. This usually happens when someone stays in the same position without moving. The weight of the body pressing against a surface creates pressure that squeezes blood vessels shut.
Three main forces cause pressure ulcers. Pressure from body weight is the main cause. Friction from sliding across sheets or surfaces can damage skin. Shearing happens when skin moves in one direction while deeper tissue moves in another, like when sliding down in bed. These three forces often work together to create damage.
Age
Older adults have thinner skin and slower healing, with highest risk after age 70
Genetics
Some people inherit conditions that affect blood flow or skin strength
Lifestyle
Poor nutrition, dehydration, smoking, and lack of physical activity increase risk
Other Conditions
Diabetes, heart disease, kidney problems, and neurological disorders raise risk
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Diagnosis
Medical History & Physical Examination
Your doctor will ask about your medical history, including any conditions that affect blood flow or healing. They'll want to know how long you've had the wound and what symptoms you've noticed. The physical exam includes checking the size, depth, and location of any pressure ulcers.
The doctor will also look at your overall skin condition and check your ability to move and change positions. They may test how well you can feel pressure or touch in different areas. This helps them understand your risk for developing more pressure ulcers. Your doctor might also ask about your diet and medications that could affect healing.
Diagnostic Testing
Blood tests - Check for signs of infection, blood sugar levels, and nutritional status
Wound culture - May be used when infection is suspected to help identify bacteria and guide treatment
Imaging studies - X-rays or MRI scans may be needed if the doctor suspects bone or deep tissue damage
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Treatment Options
The main goals of pressure ulcer treatment are to heal existing wounds and prevent new ones from forming. Treatment varies based on the stage and severity of the ulcer. Working with your healthcare team to choose the right treatment is important for the best results.
Conservative Treatments
Pressure relief - Using special mattresses, cushions, or positioning devices to reduce pressure on wounds
Wound cleaning and dressing - Cleaning the wound and using a dressing selected by a healthcare professional to maintain an appropriate healing environment
Nutritional support - Getting enough calories, protein, fluids, vitamins, and minerals; a healthcare professional or dietitian can recommend supplements if a deficiency or increased need is identified
Advanced Treatments
Debridement - Removal of dead tissue by surgical or other methods when a wound-care professional determines it is appropriate
Skin grafts - Transplanting healthy skin to cover large or deep wounds that won't heal on their own
Vacuum therapy - Using a special device that applies gentle suction to help wounds heal faster
Understanding stomach pain management can be helpful since some pain medications may affect wound healing. If you experience persistent nausea while recovering, certain foods can help you maintain proper nutrition for healing. Your doctor can suggest which treatments will work best for your specific situation.
Living with the Condition
Daily Management Strategies
Check your skin daily for any red or sore spots, especially over bony areas. Use a mirror or ask someone to help check areas you can't see easily. Follow an individualized repositioning schedule based on your mobility, skin condition, support surface, and care plan. If you can reposition yourself safely while sitting, your healthcare team can show you how often and how to do it. Keep your skin clean and dry, but avoid harsh soaps that can damage sensitive skin.
Eat a balanced diet with plenty of protein, vitamins, and minerals to help your skin stay healthy. Stay hydrated by drinking enough water throughout the day. Some people find that digestive issues can affect their overall health and healing. Keep track of any changes in your skin and report them to your doctor right away.
Exercise & Movement
Work with a physical therapist to learn safe exercises that improve blood flow and muscle strength. Even small movements like ankle pumps or arm raises can help prevent pressure ulcers. If you use a wheelchair, do pressure relief exercises every 15-30 minutes by lifting yourself up or leaning from side to side. Ask your doctor what movements are safe for you to do.
Prevention
Turn or reposition yourself every 2 hours when in bed and every 15 minutes when sitting
Use special mattresses, cushions, or padding to reduce pressure on bony areas
Keep skin clean and moisturized, but avoid over-washing or harsh products
Eat a balanced diet with enough calories and protein. Ask a healthcare professional or dietitian before taking vitamin or mineral supplements.
Check your skin daily for early signs of redness or breakdown, especially over pressure points
Stay active within your abilities and follow any movement restrictions from your doctor
Manage underlying conditions like diabetes that can slow healing and increase risk
People with digestive concerns should work with their healthcare team to maintain proper nutrition, which is crucial for skin health and wound prevention. Prevention is always easier than treating a pressure ulcer that has already developed. Start these habits even if you don't have any sores yet.
Frequently Asked Questions
Healing time depends on the stage and severity of the ulcer. Small, early-stage sores may heal in days to weeks with proper care. Deeper ulcers can take months to heal completely and may require advanced treatment.
Yes, pressure ulcers can return in the same location or develop in new areas if the underlying risk factors aren't addressed. This is why ongoing prevention is so important even after healing.
Not always. Some people, especially those with nerve damage or certain medical conditions, may not feel pain from pressure ulcers. This makes regular skin checks even more important.
Pressure ulcers specifically develop from constant pressure cutting off blood flow. They typically occur over bony areas in people with limited mobility. Other wounds may be caused by cuts, burns, or other injuries.
Absolutely. Family members can help with position changes, skin checks, and making sure the person stays well-fed and hydrated. They can also watch for early warning signs and help communicate with healthcare providers.
Managing related symptoms like constipation or nausea is important since these can affect nutrition and mobility, both crucial for pressure ulcer prevention.
Still have questions?
Consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice.