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What Exactly Is the Common Cold?
Published: Dec 03, 2023
The common cold is a widespread yet mild viral infection that affects the upper respiratory tract. Despite its benign nature, it significantly impacts productivity and healthcare costs globally.
A Viral Cocktail
More than 200 virus types can cause the common cold, with rhinoviruses being the most prevalent culprits, responsible for 30-50% of cases. Other viruses like coronaviruses and adenoviruses also play a role. New technologies continue to identify even more cold-causing viruses, reflecting the complexity of this condition.
Symptoms and Their Cause
The symptoms of a cold, such as a runny nose, sore throat, and cough, are largely due to the body's immune response rather than the virus itself. These symptoms vary by individual factors like age and existing health conditions. Usually, adults don't experience fever with a cold, but children might.
The Spread of the Cold
Cold viruses spread through hand contact, airborne droplets, and contaminated surfaces. The viruses can survive on skin for hours, making hand-to-hand transmission significant. Simple hygiene practices can help reduce the spread, although factors like recirculated air in airplanes are less impactful than once believed.
Diagnosing the Common Cold
Diagnosis is mainly clinical, based on symptoms like congestion and throat discomfort. While tests for viruses like SARS-CoV-2 are sometimes necessary, other viral tests aren't typically used. Nasal discharge color doesn't indicate the presence of bacterial infections.
Frequently Asked Questions
The common cold is caused by over 200 types of viruses, primarily rhinoviruses.
Cold symptoms usually last 3 to 10 days, but can persist longer in smokers.
Saliva is not an efficient means of spreading most cold viruses.
Psychological stress can increase the risk of catching a cold.
Diagnosis is clinical, based on observed symptoms without specific viral testing.
Final Thoughts
Despite being a minor illness, the common cold's economic and personal impacts are substantial.
References
- Turner RB. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of the common cold. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1997; 78:531.
- Fendrick AM, Monto AS, Nightengale B, Sarnes M. The economic burden of non-influenza-related viral respiratory tract infection in the United States. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163:487.
- Heikkinen T, Järvinen A. The common cold. Lancet 2003; 361:51.
This article has been reviewed for accuracy by one of the licensed medical doctors working for Doctronic. Always discuss health information with your healthcare provider.
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