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Understanding Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (ZES) is a rare condition that affects the gastrointestinal system. People with ZES develop tumors called gastrinomas in their pancreas and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). These tumors secrete a hormone called gastrin, which causes the stomach to produce excessive amounts of acid, leading to the development of stomach and duodenal ulcers in 90% of ZES patients.
Symptoms of Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
Not everyone with ZES experiences symptoms, but when they do occur, they may include:
Abdominal pain and burning sensation
Nausea and vomiting
Diarrhea
Weight loss
Stomach bleeding
Weakness and fatigue
Diagnosing Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
If your doctor suspects you have ZES, they will perform several tests to confirm the diagnosis. These may include:
Blood tests to check for high levels of gastrin
Tests to measure stomach acid production
Endoscopy with ultrasound to examine the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum and locate tumors
CT scan, PET scan, or octreotide scan to identify gastrinomas and neuroendocrine tumor cells
Despite these tests, gastrinomas can be challenging to locate.
Treatment Options for Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
Treatment for ZES focuses on reducing stomach acid production and addressing the underlying gastrinomas. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) such as omeprazole, lansoprazole, and pantoprazole are commonly prescribed to curb acid production and allow ulcers to heal. Somatostatin analogs like octreotide can also help control symptoms by suppressing hormone production.
The approach to treating gastrinomas depends on whether they are sporadic or part of the inherited MEN I syndrome. Sporadic gastrinomas are typically treated with acid suppression and surgical removal of the tumor, while MEN I-related gastrinomas are usually managed with acid suppression alone. In cases of metastatic disease, a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, targeted drug therapy, or radiation may be recommended.
Prognosis and Follow-up for Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
The outlook for people with ZES depends on whether the gastrinomas are cancerous and if they have spread. The five-year survival rate may be 90% if the tumors have not spread to the liver. Surgery can completely cure 20-25% of patients if the gastrinoma is successfully removed. Regular follow-up with your doctor is essential to monitor for recurrence of gastrinomas.
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