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West Nile Virus: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention | Easy-to-Understand Guide

Oghenefejiro Okifo | MD

Medically reviewed by Oghenefejiro Okifo | MD, Harvard Medical School | Henry Ford Hospital - Detroit, MI on March 1st, 2024.

Key Takeaways

  • Approximately 80% of infected individuals remain completely asymptomatic, while 1 in 150 people develop severe neuroinvasive disease affecting the brain and spinal cord.
  • Mild symptoms typically appear 3-14 days after a bite and include fever up to 104°F, severe headache, and muscle aches lasting 3-6 days.
  • Severe cases present with high fever, neck stiffness, disorientation, tremors, and muscle weakness—particularly dangerous for adults over 60 and immunocompromised individuals.
  • DEET concentrations of 20-30% provide 4-6 hours of protection, while eliminating standing water in gutters, flower pots, and birdbaths disrupts the mosquito breeding cycle.
  • Supportive hospital care may include IV fluids, mechanical ventilation, and physical therapy for neurological complications, as no antiviral medications exist for treatment.

West Nile virus is a mosquito-borne illness that can cause fever, headaches, and in severe cases, encephalitis or meningitis. Understanding the symptoms, treatment options, and prevention methods can help you protect yourself and your loved ones from this potentially serious disease.

How Do People Get West Nile Virus?

The most common way people get infected with West Nile virus is through the bite of an infected mosquito. These mosquitoes become infected after feeding on birds that carry the virus. In rare cases, the virus can also be transmitted through blood transfusions, organ transplants, or from mother to child during pregnancy or breastfeeding.

Symptoms of West Nile Virus Infection

Most people (about 80%) infected with West Nile virus do not experience any symptoms. However, some may develop West Nile fever or more severe conditions such as encephalitis or meningitis.

West Nile Fever Symptoms

  • Fever

  • Headache

  • Fatigue

  • Skin rash on the trunk of the body (in some cases)

  • Swollen lymph glands (in some cases)

  • Eye pain (in some cases)

West Nile Encephalitis and Meningitis Symptoms

  • High fever

  • Severe headache

  • Stiff neck

  • Changes in consciousness (sluggishness, confusion, convulsions, or coma)

  • Neurological symptoms (paralysis, tremors, or movement problems)

West Nile Virus: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention | Easy-to-Understand Guide

Treatment for West Nile Virus

There is no specific treatment for West Nile virus infection. In severe cases, patients may require intensive hospital care to manage symptoms and complications. Treatment typically focuses on supportive care, such as pain management, fluid support, and monitoring for secondary infections.

Preventing West Nile Virus Infection

The best way to prevent West Nile virus infection is to avoid mosquito bites. Here are some tips to help you protect yourself:

  • Use insect repellent containing DEET, picaridin, IR3535, or oil of lemon eucalyptus when outdoors.

  • Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants to minimize exposed skin.

  • Stay indoors during peak mosquito hours (dawn and dusk).

  • Remove standing water around your home to reduce mosquito breeding sites.

  • Keep windows and doors closed or use screens to prevent mosquitoes from entering your home.

For more information on West Nile virus, visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website, World Health Organization (WHO) fact sheet, or consult with your healthcare provider.

The Bottom Line

Since no vaccine or specific treatment exists, prevention through effective mosquito control and bite avoidance remains your best defense against this potentially serious neurological infection. Most people recover completely from mild cases, but severe symptoms require immediate medical evaluation. If you're experiencing high fever with neurological symptoms like confusion or muscle weakness, Doctronic can help you assess whether immediate medical care is needed.

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