As a baby boy grows in the womb, his testicles typically move from the lower belly into the scrotum, the pouch of skin below the penis. However, sometimes one or both testicles don't make this journey, a condition known as an undescended testicle. While it can happen to any baby boy, it's more common in those born prematurely.
Doctors aren't entirely sure what causes undescended testicles, but they believe it may be related to a combination of factors, including:
Genetics
Maternal health conditions, such as diabetes or obesity
Exposure to certain chemicals, like pesticides
Smoking or alcohol consumption during pregnancy
Additionally, some health conditions, such as Down syndrome, may increase the likelihood of undescended testicles.
The primary sign of an undescended testicle is the inability to see or feel the testicle in the scrotum. If both testicles are undescended, the scrotum may appear flat and smaller than expected. Your doctor will typically identify the issue during a routine check-up shortly after birth.
It's important to note that some boys may have retractile testicles, which can move up into the groin when cold or scared but return to the scrotum on their own. This is generally not a cause for concern.
If left untreated, undescended testicles can lead to several complications, including:
Fertility problems, especially if both testicles are affected
Hernias
Increased risk of testicular injury
Slightly higher risk of testicular cancer
Testicular torsion, a painful condition where the spermatic cord becomes twisted
In many cases, the testicle will descend on its own within the first few months of life. If it hasn't moved into the scrotum by 6 months of age, surgery is usually recommended. This procedure, called orchiopexy, is typically performed when the baby is between 6 and 12 months old to ensure the best possible outcomes.
During the surgery, the doctor will make a small incision in the groin or lower belly to locate the testicle, then gently move it into the scrotum and secure it in place with stitches. The procedure is usually done on an outpatient basis, and your child will be given medication to prevent pain and discomfort.
While hormone therapy is sometimes used to treat undescended testicles, it is less common and may not be as effective as surgery.
If your baby boy has an undescended testicle, it's essential to work closely with your pediatrician to monitor the situation and determine the best course of action. Early treatment, usually in the form of surgery, can help minimize the risk of complications and ensure the best possible outcomes for your child's future health and fertility.
For more information on undescended testicles and other common childhood health concerns, consult reputable sources such as the American Academy of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, or Urology Care Foundation.
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