Typhoid Fever: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, is a serious illness caused by infection with the Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi bacteria. A related bacteria called Salmonella serotype Paratyphi causes a similar but milder illness called paratyphoid fever. These diseases are more common in areas with poor sanitation and limited access to clean water, such as parts of South and Southeast Asia, Central and South America, Africa, and the Caribbean.

Causes of Typhoid Fever

Typhoid fever spreads through water or food that has been contaminated by the feces or urine of an infected person. You can also get it from consuming raw, unpeeled fruits, unpasteurized milk, or juice. The bacteria can survive for weeks in water or dried sewage, making it easy for the disease to spread in areas with poor sanitation.

Symptoms of Typhoid Fever

Symptoms usually appear 1-3 weeks after exposure to the bacteria and may include:

• High fever (103-104°F)

• Headaches

• Chills

• Weakness and fatigue

• Muscle aches

• Sweating

• Cough

• Loss of appetite

• Diarrhea or constipation

• Rose spots (a flat, pink rash on the chest or stomach)

In severe cases, complications such as confusion, inability to pay attention, and inability to respond may occur. If you experience any of these symptoms, seek medical attention immediately.

Diagnosing Typhoid Fever

To diagnose typhoid fever, your doctor will perform a physical exam and ask about your symptoms and travel history. They may also order lab tests to detect the presence of Salmonella Typhi bacteria in your blood, stool, or other body tissues. Additional tests, such as X-rays, EKGs, ultrasounds, and liver function tests, may be done to check for complications.

Treating Typhoid Fever

Antibiotics are the only effective treatment for typhoid fever. Most people start feeling better within a few days of beginning antibiotic treatment, but a full recovery may take 7-10 days. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage complications such as dehydration or difficulty breathing. Surgery may be required for serious intestinal complications like peritonitis or ileal perforation.

The choice of antibiotic depends on the strain of bacteria and its resistance patterns in the area where the infection was acquired. Common antibiotics used to treat typhoid fever include fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and macrolides. It is crucial to complete the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed to prevent the development of antibiotic resistance.

Preventing Typhoid Fever

To reduce your risk of contracting typhoid fever, especially when traveling to high-risk areas, follow these prevention tips:

• Get vaccinated before traveling

• Wash your hands frequently with soap and water

• Avoid raw fruits and vegetables or peel them before consuming

• Drink only bottled or boiled water

• Eat thoroughly cooked foods

• Avoid ice cubes and unpasteurized milk or juice

Two vaccines are available in the United States to prevent typhoid fever: an oral vaccine and an injectable vaccine. While these vaccines reduce the risk of infection, they do not provide 100% protection. Therefore, it is essential to practice good hygiene and food safety habits even if you are vaccinated.

For more information on typhoid fever, consult the following reputable sources:

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - Typhoid Fever

• World Health Organization (WHO) - Typhoid

• Mayo Clinic - Typhoid Fever

Conclusion

Typhoid fever is a serious illness that can lead to life-threatening complications if left untreated. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and prevention methods, you can take steps to protect yourself and others from this potentially deadly disease. If you suspect that you or someone you know has typhoid fever, seek medical attention promptly to ensure the best possible outcome.