Understanding Trigeminal Neuralgia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Options

Trigeminal neuralgia, also known as tic douloureux, is a condition that causes severe, stabbing pain on one side of the face. The pain is caused by irritation of the trigeminal nerve, which is responsible for providing sensation to the face. Trigeminal neuralgia is considered one of the most painful conditions a person can experience.

Symptoms of Trigeminal Neuralgia

The main symptom of trigeminal neuralgia is sudden, severe, stabbing, or electric-shock-like pain on one side of the face. The pain usually affects the lower half of the face and can last from a few seconds to a few minutes. Some people may experience multiple episodes of pain each day. Between episodes, there is usually no pain or numbness.

The pain can be triggered by light touch, talking, eating, brushing teeth, or even cool air on the face. These trigger points are usually not in the same location as the pain.

Causes of Trigeminal Neuralgia

The exact cause of trigeminal neuralgia is unknown, but several theories exist. The most commonly accepted theory is that the trigeminal nerve becomes compressed, usually by a blood vessel, causing it to become irritated. Over time, this irritation can erode the nerve's protective covering (myelin sheath), leading to erratic firing of pain impulses.

Other potential causes include:

• Tumors or bony abnormalities pressing on the trigeminal nerve

• Trauma

• Infections

• Multiple sclerosis

Treatment Options for Trigeminal Neuralgia

Treatment for trigeminal neuralgia usually involves medications or surgery. The primary goal of treatment is to control the pain.

Medications

Anticonvulsants, such as carbamazepine (Tegretol), oxcarbazepine (Trileptal), gabapentin (Neurontin), and lamotrigine (Lamictal), are the most commonly prescribed medications for trigeminal neuralgia. These medications help stop the irritated trigeminal nerve from firing pain impulses. Other medications that may be helpful include baclofen (Lioresal), pimozide (Orap), and Botox injections.

Surgery

When pain cannot be controlled with medication, surgical options may be considered. Surgical procedures can range from simple injections of anesthetic into the trigeminal nerve to more complex procedures performed in the operating room. In general, more complex procedures provide longer-lasting pain relief but also carry a greater risk of complications.

When to Seek Medical Care

If you experience symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia, it is important to consult with your doctor. Seek medical attention if:

• Prescribed medications are not controlling the pain

• You develop new symptoms, such as fever, facial redness, or dizziness

• Your prescribed medication is not relieving the pain and your doctor is unavailable for advice

Although trigeminal neuralgia can be a challenging condition to manage, most people with the disorder can lead full, complete lives with proper treatment. If you suspect you may have trigeminal neuralgia, consult with your healthcare provider to discuss diagnosis and treatment options.

For more information on trigeminal neuralgia, visit:

• National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke - Trigeminal Neuralgia Fact Sheet

• Mayo Clinic - Trigeminal Neuralgia

• The Facial Pain Association - Trigeminal Neuralgia

The Bottom Line

This intensely painful but treatable condition responds well to anticonvulsant medications in most cases, with surgical options providing excellent relief when drugs fail. Early diagnosis and proper treatment can prevent the debilitating cycle of pain and trigger avoidance that severely impacts quality of life. If you're experiencing sudden, electric-like facial pain triggered by light touch, Doctronic can help you get proper evaluation and treatment options quickly.