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Understanding Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): Causes, Symptoms, Prevention, and Treatment
Medically reviewed by Oghenefejiro Okifo | MD, Harvard Medical School | Henry Ford Hospital - Detroit, MI on July 14th, 2023.
Sexually transmitted diseases, or STDs, are infections that spread through sexual contact. They can affect anyone who is sexually active, and it's essential to understand the causes, symptoms, prevention, and treatment of these conditions.
What Causes STDs?
STDs are caused by three main types of organisms:
Bacteria (e.g., chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis)
Viruses (e.g., HIV, genital herpes, human papillomavirus/genital warts, hepatitis B)
Parasites (e.g., trichomoniasis, pubic lice)
These infections can spread through various types of sexual activity, including oral, anal, and vaginal sex.
Risk Factors for STDs
Certain behaviors can increase your risk of contracting an STD:
Having unprotected sex
Using condoms incorrectly
Having multiple sexual partners
Misusing alcohol or recreational drugs
Injecting drugs
Symptoms of STDs
STDs can sometimes be asymptomatic, meaning they cause no noticeable symptoms. However, when symptoms do occur, they may include:
Bumps, sores, or warts near the mouth, anus, penis, or vagina
Swelling or redness near the genitals
Skin rash
Painful or swollen testicles
Lower abdominal pain
Fever
Painful urination
Unusual discharge from the penis or vagina
Vaginal bleeding outside of menstruation
Painful sex
Severe itching near the genitals
Diagnosing STDs
If you suspect you have an STD, visit your healthcare provider for an examination and testing. Depending on your symptoms and risk factors, your doctor may order blood, urine, or fluid tests to diagnose the specific infection. Some common STD screening tests include those for chlamydia, gonorrhea, HIV, hepatitis B and C, human papillomavirus (HPV), and syphilis.
Treating STDs
Treatment for STDs varies depending on the specific infection. Many bacterial STDs can be cured with antibiotics, while viral STDs may be managed with antiviral medications. It's crucial to follow your doctor's instructions and complete the entire course of treatment, even if your symptoms improve. Additionally, inform your sexual partners so they can be tested and treated as well.
Preventing STDs
The most effective ways to prevent STDs include:
Using latex condoms correctly every time you have sex
Limiting your number of sexual partners
Choosing sexual partners carefully and discussing STD testing and prevention
Getting vaccinated against HPV and hepatitis B
Abstaining from sexual activity
HIV PReP (Pre-exposure prophylaxis) in high-risk populations
If you have an STD, stop having sex until you receive treatment and your doctor gives you the all-clear. Always use condoms, especially with new partners, and return to your doctor for follow-up testing.
By understanding the causes, symptoms, prevention, and treatment of STDs, you can take steps to protect your sexual health and the health of your partners. Remember, regular testing and open communication are key to preventing the spread of these infections.
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