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Understanding Preeclampsia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Options

Oghenefejiro Okifo | MD

Medically reviewed by Oghenefejiro Okifo | MD, Harvard Medical School | Henry Ford Hospital - Detroit, MI on September 26th, 2023.

Key Takeaways

  • This condition affects 3-8% of pregnancies and typically emerges after 20 weeks gestation, defined by blood pressure readings of 140/90 mmHg or higher plus protein in urine (300mg or more in 24 hours).
  • Warning signs include severe headaches that don't respond to acetaminophen, seeing spots or flashing lights, sudden face/hand swelling, and upper abdominal pain under the ribs.
  • First-time mothers face 6-8 times higher risk, while carrying twins or triplets increases likelihood by 2-3 fold compared to single pregnancies.
  • Magnesium sulfate prevents seizures in severe cases, while medications like labetalol or nifedipine manage blood pressure—but delivery remains the only definitive cure.
  • Without treatment, it can progress to eclampsia (seizures) within hours or HELLP syndrome, a life-threatening condition affecting liver function and blood clotting.

Preeclampsia is a serious condition that can develop during pregnancy, usually after the 20th week. It is characterized by high blood pressure, excessive protein in the urine, and swelling in the legs, feet, and hands. If left untreated, preeclampsia can lead to life-threatening complications for both mother and baby.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Preeclampsia

In addition to high blood pressure and protein in the urine, preeclampsia may cause the following symptoms:

  • Sudden weight gain over 1-2 days

  • Shoulder, belly, or severe headache pain

  • Changes in reflexes or mental state

  • Decreased urination

  • Dizziness or trouble breathing

  • Severe nausea and vomiting

  • Vision changes (blurriness, flashing lights, or spots)

It's important to note that some women with preeclampsia may not experience any symptoms. Regular prenatal check-ups with blood pressure monitoring and urine tests are crucial for early detection.

Understanding Preeclampsia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Options

Risk Factors for Developing Preeclampsia

While the exact cause of preeclampsia is unknown, several factors can increase a woman's risk:

  • History of preeclampsia in previous pregnancies

  • Carrying multiples (twins, triplets, or more)

  • Chronic hypertension, kidney disease, or diabetes

  • Autoimmune disorders like lupus

  • First pregnancy or pregnancy after age 35

  • Obesity (BMI over 30)

  • Family history of preeclampsia

  • In vitro fertilization (IVF)

  • Black race or lower socioeconomic status (due to healthcare inequities)

Potential Complications of Preeclampsia

If not properly managed, preeclampsia can lead to severe complications, including:

  • Eclampsia (seizures or coma)

  • HELLP syndrome (liver and blood cell damage)

  • Preterm birth and associated risks for the baby

  • Fetal growth restriction

  • Placental abruption (premature separation of the placenta from the uterus)

  • Organ damage (kidneys, liver, lungs, heart, eyes, or brain)

  • Increased risk of future cardiovascular disease

Seek immediate medical attention if you experience warning signs like severe headaches, visual disturbances, chest or abdominal pain, or bleeding from the gums or nose.

Treating Preeclampsia and Ensuring a Safer Pregnancy

The only cure for preeclampsia is delivery of the baby. However, depending on the severity and stage of pregnancy, treatment may include:

  • Bed rest and close monitoring

  • Medications to lower blood pressure and prevent seizures

  • Steroid injections to accelerate fetal lung development

  • Early delivery by induced labor or cesarean section

After delivery, symptoms typically resolve within 1-6 weeks, but may persist longer in some cases. To reduce the risk of preeclampsia, women should maintain a healthy lifestyle, attend regular prenatal check-ups, and discuss any concerns with their healthcare provider.

Additional Resources

The Bottom Line

Immediate medical evaluation is essential if you develop severe headaches, vision changes, or sudden swelling after 20 weeks of pregnancy, as complications can develop rapidly. Regular prenatal monitoring catches cases early, especially important since 25% of women show no obvious symptoms initially. If you're experiencing concerning symptoms during pregnancy, Doctronic can help you assess whether immediate medical care is needed.

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