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Understanding Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

Oghenefejiro Okifo | MD

Medically reviewed by Oghenefejiro Okifo | MD, Harvard Medical School | Henry Ford Hospital - Detroit, MI on July 25th, 2023.

Key Takeaways

  • This hormonal disorder stems from elevated androgen levels that create small cysts on the ovaries, affecting 6-12% of reproductive-age women worldwide.
  • Diagnosis requires meeting 2 of 3 criteria: irregular ovulation (cycles longer than 35 days), clinical signs of excess androgens (hirsutism, acne), and polycystic ovaries on ultrasound.
  • Women face 3-7 times higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes due to insulin resistance, which affects up to 70% of those with the condition.
  • Birth control pills containing both estrogen and progestin can reduce androgen levels by 50-60% within 3-6 months, improving acne and excess hair growth.
  • Weight loss of just 5-10% can restore regular ovulation in 50-60% of overweight women, making diet and exercise first-line treatment for many symptoms.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal condition that affects about 1 in 10 women of reproductive age. It can cause irregular periods, acne, unwanted hair growth, and infertility. While there is no cure for PCOS, various treatments can help manage symptoms and improve fertility.

What are the Symptoms of PCOS?

The most common symptoms of PCOS include:

  • Irregular, infrequent, or missed periods

  • Acne

  • Excessive facial and body hair growth (hirsutism)

  • Difficulty getting pregnant

  • Weight gain, especially around the belly area

  • Thinning hair on the scalp

  • Darkening of the skin, particularly on the neck, groin, and under the breasts

It's important to note that not everyone with PCOS will experience all of these symptoms, and some may not have any noticeable symptoms at all.

What Causes PCOS?

The exact cause of PCOS is unknown, but several factors are thought to play a role, including:

  • Insulin resistance

  • Excess production of androgens (male hormones)

  • Genetics (having a family history of PCOS)

  • Inflammation in the body

Understanding Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

How is PCOS Diagnosed?

There is no single test to diagnose PCOS. Your doctor will typically consider your medical history, physical exam, and various tests, such as:

  • Blood tests to check hormone levels

  • Pelvic exam

  • Ultrasound to examine the ovaries and uterus

To be diagnosed with PCOS, you must have at least two of the following: irregular periods, signs of excess androgen production (such as acne or excessive hair growth), and polycystic ovaries on an ultrasound.

What are the Treatment Options for PCOS?

Treatment for PCOS depends on your individual symptoms and whether you are trying to get pregnant. Options may include:

  • Hormonal birth control to regulate periods and reduce androgen levels

  • Metformin, an insulin-sensitizing medication, to help with insulin resistance and ovulation

  • Clomiphene or letrozole to stimulate ovulation for those trying to conceive

  • Lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, and following a balanced diet

For more information on PCOS and its management, consult the following reputable sources:

Living with PCOS

While PCOS can be challenging to manage, with proper treatment and lifestyle modifications, most women with PCOS can lead healthy, fulfilling lives. If you suspect you may have PCOS, talk to your healthcare provider to discuss your symptoms and treatment options.

The Bottom Line

Early diagnosis and treatment significantly improve fertility outcomes and reduce long-term metabolic risks like diabetes and heart disease. Combining hormonal therapy with lifestyle modifications typically provides the best symptom control and prevents complications. If you're experiencing irregular periods, unexplained weight gain, or fertility concerns, Doctronic can help you understand your symptoms and treatment options.

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