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Understanding Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Options
Medically reviewed by Jerome Albert Ecker | MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Duke University - Durham, NC on February 11th, 2024.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal condition that affects about 1 in every 10 women of childbearing age. It can cause irregular periods, acne, unwanted hair growth, and infertility. While the exact cause of PCOS is unknown, it is believed to be related to hormonal imbalances and insulin resistance.
Symptoms of PCOS
The symptoms of PCOS can vary from person to person, but the most common signs include:
Irregular, infrequent, or missed periods
Acne and oily skin
Excess facial and body hair (hirsutism)
Weight gain, especially in the abdominal area
Infertility or difficulty getting pregnant
Some women with PCOS may also experience hair loss, darkened skin patches, skin tags, and mood changes such as depression or anxiety.
Causes of PCOS
The exact cause of PCOS is not known, but several factors are thought to play a role, including:
Excess weight and obesity
High levels of androgens (male hormones)
Insulin resistance
Long-term, low-grade inflammation
PCOS may also have a genetic component, as women with a family history of the condition are more likely to develop it themselves.
Diagnosing PCOS
There is no single test to diagnose PCOS. Your doctor will typically ask about your symptoms and medical history, perform a physical exam, and may order blood tests and an ultrasound to check for ovarian cysts and measure hormone levels. A diagnosis of PCOS is made if you have at least two of the following symptoms:
Irregular periods
Signs of excess androgen production (acne, hirsutism, or high androgen levels on a blood test)
Ovarian cysts or enlarged ovaries on an ultrasound
Treatment Options for PCOS
While there is no cure for PCOS, several treatment options can help manage symptoms and improve fertility. These may include:
Lifestyle Changes
Maintaining a healthy weight through diet and exercise
Eating a balanced diet low in refined carbohydrates and high in fiber
Regular physical activity
Stress management techniques
Medications
Hormonal birth control to regulate periods and reduce androgen levels
Metformin to improve insulin sensitivity and ovulation
Clomiphene or letrozole to stimulate ovulation and improve fertility
Acne treatments such as topical creams or oral antibiotics
Fertility Treatments
Ovarian drilling surgery to reduce androgen production
In vitro fertilization (IVF) to assist with conception
Your doctor will work with you to develop a personalized treatment plan based on your specific symptoms, goals, and overall health.
Living with PCOS
Living with PCOS can be challenging, but with proper management and support, most women can lead healthy, fulfilling lives. In addition to working with your healthcare team, consider joining a support group or seeking counseling to help cope with the emotional aspects of the condition. Remember, you are not alone, and there are many resources available to help you navigate life with PCOS.
For more information on PCOS, visit:
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