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Understanding Obesity: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, and Prevention

Oghenefejiro Okifo | MD

Medically reviewed by Oghenefejiro Okifo | MD, Harvard Medical School | Henry Ford Hospital - Detroit, MI on May 18th, 2023.

Key Takeaways

  • Body Mass Index of 30 or higher defines obesity, but waist circumference may be more predictive of health risks—over 40 inches for men and 35 inches for women indicates increased cardiovascular danger.
  • Weight gain of just 11-18 pounds after age 18 doubles the risk of type 2 diabetes, while carrying excess weight increases heart disease risk by 32% and stroke risk by 18%.
  • Genetics account for 40-70% of obesity susceptibility, but environmental factors like ultra-processed foods (which make up 60% of American calories) and sedentary behavior ultimately determine outcomes.
  • Prescription weight-loss medications like semaglutide can produce 15-20% body weight reduction, while bariatric surgery achieves 25-30% weight loss with significant improvement in diabetes and hypertension.
  • Even modest weight loss of 3-5% improves blood pressure and triglyceride levels, while 5-10% reduction can lower blood sugar enough to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes onset.

Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by excess body fat that puts your health at risk. It's a complex condition that affects nearly every system in your body and contributes to serious health problems like heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers. In this article, we'll explore the causes, symptoms, treatments, and prevention strategies for managing obesity and improving overall health.

What Causes Obesity?

Obesity is caused by a combination of factors, including:

  • Genetics

  • Unhealthy eating patterns

  • Lack of physical activity

  • Certain medications

  • Medical conditions like Cushing syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

Your environment and lifestyle also play a significant role in the development of obesity. Factors like easy access to high-calorie foods, sedentary jobs, and limited opportunities for physical activity can all contribute to weight gain.

Symptoms of Obesity

The primary symptom of obesity is excess body fat. Doctors use body mass index (BMI) to determine whether someone is overweight or obese. A BMI of 30 or higher is considered obese.

Other symptoms of obesity may include:

  • Fatigue

  • Joint pain

  • Snoring or sleep apnea

  • Difficulty breathing

  • Trouble performing physical activities

Understanding Obesity: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, and Prevention

Treating Obesity

There are several treatments available for obesity, including:

Lifestyle Changes

Making healthy changes to your diet and increasing physical activity are the cornerstones of obesity treatment. Your doctor or a registered dietitian can help you develop a personalized plan for healthy eating and exercise.

Medications

In some cases, your doctor may prescribe medications to help with weight loss. These medications work by decreasing appetite, increasing feelings of fullness, or altering the way your body absorbs fat.

Bariatric Surgery

For individuals with severe obesity, bariatric surgery may be an option. These procedures work by reducing the size of the stomach or bypassing part of the digestive system to limit food intake and absorption.

Learn more about the treatment options for obesity from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Preventing Obesity

Preventing obesity is easier than treating it. Here are some strategies for maintaining a healthy weight:

  • Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins

  • Limit intake of high-calorie, low-nutrient foods and beverages

  • Engage in regular physical activity (aim for at least 150 minutes per week)

  • Monitor your weight regularly

  • Manage stress through relaxation techniques like meditation or deep breathing

For more tips on preventing obesity, visit the World Health Organization's obesity and overweight fact sheet.

The Bottom Line

Obesity is a complex disease that requires lifelong management. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options, you can take steps to improve your health and reduce your risk of obesity-related complications. If you're struggling with obesity, don't hesitate to reach out to your healthcare provider for support and guidance on your weight loss journey.

For more information and resources on obesity, visit the Obesity Action Coalition website.

The Bottom Line

Successful weight management requires addressing both biological predisposition and environmental factors through sustained lifestyle changes, with medical interventions available for those needing additional support. Focus on gradual, sustainable changes rather than dramatic restrictions, as even small improvements provide meaningful health benefits. If you're experiencing fatigue, joint pain, or breathing difficulties that may be weight-related, Doctronic can help you understand your symptoms and explore treatment options.

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