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Understanding Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

Oghenefejiro Okifo | MD

Medically reviewed by Oghenefejiro Okifo | MD, Harvard Medical School | Henry Ford Hospital - Detroit, MI on May 8th, 2023.

Key Takeaways

  • This cancer originates in B-cells (85% of cases) or T-cells (15% of cases) within lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and other organs, with over 60 different subtypes ranging from indolent to aggressive.
  • Painless lymph node swelling larger than 1 cm that persists for more than 2 weeks is the most common presentation, often accompanied by "B symptoms"—unexplained fever, drenching night sweats, and weight loss exceeding 10% in 6 months.
  • Risk increases significantly after age 60, with autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis tripling the likelihood, while immunosuppressive medications and infections like Epstein-Barr virus also elevate risk.
  • Staging ranges from I (single lymph node region) to IV (widespread organ involvement), determined through CT/PET scans and bone marrow biopsy, which directly guides treatment intensity.
  • Five-year survival rates vary dramatically by subtype—follicular lymphoma exceeds 90% while aggressive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma ranges 60-70%, though early-stage cases often achieve cure with 4-6 cycles of chemotherapy.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, a network of nodes and vessels that helps the body fight infections. This article provides an easy-to-understand overview of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, its causes, symptoms, and treatment options.

What is the Lymphatic System?

The lymphatic system is a crucial part of the body's immune system. It consists of lymph nodes, which are small, bean-shaped structures connected by vessels. The lymph nodes act as filters, removing foreign organisms and cells from the body. Lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, help fight infections caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.

What is Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma?

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma occurs when lymph node cells or lymphocytes begin to multiply uncontrollably, producing cancerous cells that can invade other tissues throughout the body. It is more common than Hodgkin lymphoma and is the seventh most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States.

Understanding Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

Causes and Risk Factors

While the exact cause of non-Hodgkin lymphoma is unknown, several factors may increase the risk of developing the disease, including:

  • Inherited immune deficiencies

  • Genetic syndromes, such as Down syndrome and Klinefelter's syndrome

  • Immune disorders and their treatments, such as Sjogren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus

  • Celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease

  • Exposure to certain bacteria and viruses, such as Helicobacter pylori, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Epstein Barr virus

  • Regular exposure to chemicals, including insect and weed killers, and chemicals used in farming, welding, and lumber industries

  • Treatment with immunosuppressant drugs or chemotherapy and radiation for prior cancer diagnoses

Symptoms of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Symptoms of non-Hodgkin lymphoma may include:

  • Swollen, painless lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, or groin

  • Persistent fatigue

  • Fever

  • Night sweats

  • Unexplained weight loss

  • Itchy skin

  • Shortness of breath

  • Abdominal pain or swelling

Treatment Options

Treatment for non-Hodgkin lymphoma depends on the subtype, stage, and overall health of the patient. Common treatment options include:

  • Chemotherapy

  • Radiation therapy

  • Immunotherapy

  • Targeted therapy

  • Stem cell transplantation

If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, it is essential to work closely with your healthcare team to develop a personalized treatment plan. For more information, consult with your doctor or visit reputable websites such as the American Cancer Society, The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, or the Lymphoma Research Foundation.

The Bottom Line

Early detection significantly improves outcomes since many subtypes are highly treatable when caught before widespread organ involvement. Any persistent lymph node swelling lasting more than 2 weeks warrants medical evaluation for proper staging and subtype identification. If you're experiencing unexplained swollen lymph nodes or concerning symptoms, Doctronic can help connect you with appropriate care quickly.

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