Mumps: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

Mumps is a viral infection that primarily affects the salivary glands, causing swelling and pain in the face and jaw. It is highly contagious and can spread easily through saliva and mucus. While mumps was once a common illness, the introduction of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine in 1967 has significantly reduced its prevalence.

Symptoms of Mumps

Mumps symptoms typically appear about two weeks after infection. The most recognizable signs include:

• Swollen, painful salivary glands (parotid glands) in front of and below the ears

• Puffy cheeks and a swollen jaw

In the days leading up to the appearance of these symptoms, you may also experience:

• Fatigue

• Fever

• Headache

• Loss of appetite

• Muscle aches

• Weakness

Causes and Transmission of Mumps

Mumps is caused by a paramyxovirus and is highly contagious. It can spread through close contact with an infected person's saliva or mucus, such as:

• Coughing, sneezing, or talking

• Sharing cups and utensils

• Improper hand hygiene and touching contaminated surfaces

• Close contact during certain sports or kissing

Treating Mumps

There is no specific treatment for mumps, as antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections. Instead, treatment focuses on managing symptoms and allowing the virus to run its course. Your doctor may recommend the following:

• Applying cold or warm packs to swollen areas

• Drinking plenty of fluids

• Eating soft foods

• Getting adequate rest

• Taking over-the-counter, non-aspirin pain relievers

If you suspect that you or your child has mumps or has been exposed to someone with the virus, consult your doctor for testing and guidance.

Potential Complications of Mumps

While rare, mumps can lead to serious complications, particularly in adults. These may include:

• Inflammation of the ovaries, breast tissue, and testicles in post-pubertal males

• Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain)

• Meningitis (inflammation of the membrane covering the brain and spinal cord)

• Hearing loss

• Heart problems

• Miscarriage if infected during pregnancy

• Pancreatitis

Preventing Mumps

The most effective way to prevent mumps is through vaccination. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that children receive two doses of the MMR vaccine – the first at 12-15 months old and the second between 4 and 6 years old. Teens and adults should ensure their MMR vaccinations are up to date.

Without vaccination, you can still contract mumps, and some people may have the virus without showing symptoms. Most individuals recover completely within a few weeks. To learn more about mumps and the importance of vaccination, visit the World Health Organization and the Mayo Clinic websites.