Understanding Metastatic Melanoma: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options

Creator: Doctronic
Published: 2023-12-29

Medically reviewed by Oghenefejiro Okifo | MD, Harvard Medical School | Henry Ford Hospital - Detroit, MI on December 29th, 2023.

Key Takeaways

Stage IV diagnosis means cancer cells have traveled beyond regional lymph nodes to distant organs like the liver, lungs, brain, or bones—occurring in approximately 4% of initial melanoma cases.
Suspicious symptoms include new subcutaneous nodules larger than 1cm, persistent cough lasting over 3 weeks, unexplained bone pain, or unintentional weight loss exceeding 10 pounds in 6 months.
Individuals with more than 50 atypical moles have a 10-fold increased risk, while those with fair skin (Fitzpatrick types I-II) and childhood blistering sunburns face significantly higher odds of developing aggressive forms.
Pembrolizumab immunotherapy shows 5-year survival rates of 32-34% in advanced cases, while BRAF inhibitor combinations like dabrafenib plus trametinib work in roughly 40-50% of patients with specific genetic mutations.
Surveillance protocols typically involve CT or PET scans every 12-16 weeks during active treatment, with brain MRI recommended every 3 months due to high propensity for neurological spread.

Metastatic melanoma, also known as advanced or stage IV melanoma, is a serious form of skin cancer that has spread from its original location to other parts of the body. While it can be challenging to treat, understanding the causes, symptoms, diagnostic process, and available treatment options can help you make informed decisions and improve your quality of life.

What Causes Metastatic Melanoma?

The primary cause of melanoma is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. This exposure can damage the DNA of your skin cells, causing them to grow uncontrollably. Other risk factors include:

Fair skin, light hair, and light eye color
Having many moles or irregular moles
A family history of melanoma

Recognizing the Symptoms

When melanoma spreads to other areas of the body, you may experience various symptoms, such as:

Hardened lumps under the skin
Swollen or painful lymph nodes
Difficulty breathing or a persistent cough
Swelling of the liver or loss of appetite
Bone pain or, in rare cases, broken bones
Headaches, seizures, or weakness/numbness in the arms or legs
Unexplained weight loss and fatigue

Understanding Metastatic Melanoma: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options

Diagnosing Metastatic Melanoma

If you suspect you may have melanoma, your doctor will perform a thorough skin exam and ask about your medical history. If they suspect skin cancer, a biopsy will be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Additional tests, such as blood tests and imaging scans (e.g., X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, or PET scans), may be used to determine if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

Treatment Options for Metastatic Melanoma

While metastatic melanoma can be difficult to treat, several options are available to help manage the disease and improve your quality of life. Your treatment plan will depend on factors such as the size and location of the tumors, your overall health, and your personal preferences. Treatment options may include:

Surgery

Your doctor may recommend removing tumors or affected lymph nodes to help slow the spread of the disease and alleviate symptoms.

Radiation and Chemotherapy

These treatments can be effective for some patients, depending on the size and location of the cancer.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy drugs, such as ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and interleukin-2, work by boosting your immune system to better fight the cancer cells. These treatments can help shrink tumors and extend survival.

Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapy drugs, like BRAF and MEK inhibitors, aim to kill cancer cells without harming healthy ones. These treatments may be effective for patients with specific gene mutations.

Taking Care of Yourself

Coping with metastatic melanoma can be emotionally and physically challenging. It's essential to have a strong support system and openly discuss your fears and feelings with loved ones and healthcare professionals. Joining a cancer support group can also provide valuable resources and emotional support.

Remember, while metastatic melanoma is a serious condition, ongoing research continues to uncover new and promising treatment options. Work closely with your healthcare team to develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses your unique needs and goals, and don't hesitate to reach out for support when you need it.

The Bottom Line

Advanced melanoma treatment has dramatically improved with targeted therapies and immunotherapy, turning what was once universally fatal into a manageable condition for many patients. Early detection of spread through regular monitoring and prompt evaluation of new symptoms significantly impacts treatment success. If you're noticing unexplained lumps, persistent pain, or other concerning changes, Doctronic can help connect you with appropriate specialist care quickly.