Understanding Hydrocephalus: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

Hydrocephalus, often referred to as "water on the brain," is a condition where cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) builds up in the cavities (ventricles) deep within the brain. This fluid is essential for cushioning the brain, removing waste products, and regulating pressure. When the normal flow and absorption of CSF are disrupted, it can lead to pressure on the brain, causing various symptoms and complications.

Symptoms of Hydrocephalus

Symptoms of hydrocephalus can vary depending on age. In babies, common signs include:

• An unusually large head that grows quickly

• A firm or bulging soft spot on top of the head

• Eyes that are focused downward (sunsetting of the eyes)

• Irritability, vomiting, and poor feeding

• Seizures and poor muscle tone

In toddlers and children, symptoms may include headaches, blurry vision, sleepiness, nausea, poor balance, and difficulty in school. Adults under 60 may experience headaches, tiredness, bladder control issues, and problems with memory and concentration. In adults over 60, common signs are memory loss, difficulty walking, and dementia.

Causes and Types of Hydrocephalus

The three main causes of hydrocephalus are blockages in the flow of CSF, poor fluid absorption, and overproduction of fluid. The four main types are:

Congenital hydrocephalus: Present at birth

Communicating hydrocephalus: CSF can flow freely between the brain's ventricles, but there is a problem with absorption of the fluid, often due to issues with the brain's surface or drainage system

Non-communicating hydrocephalus (obstructive): CSF flow is blocked somewhere in the narrow pathways between the ventricles, preventing normal circulation

Normal pressure hydrocephalus: Occurs in older adults without significant pressure changes, typically causing walking difficulties, memory problems, and bladder control issues

Diagnosing and Treating Hydrocephalus

To diagnose hydrocephalus, doctors perform a neurological exam and may use imaging tests like MRI and CT scans, as well as procedures like spinal taps and intracranial pressure monitoring. Treatment often involves surgery to insert a shunt that redirects the excess CSF to another part of the body. In some cases, endoscopic third ventriculostomy or tumor removal may be recommended. Therapy and education can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

Complications and Prevention

Complications can arise if the shunt becomes blocked or infected, causing symptoms to return. Prompt medical attention is crucial. Some causes of hydrocephalus, such as head injuries and meningitis, can be prevented through safety measures and vaccinations. Regular prenatal care can also lower the risk of congenital hydrocephalus.

Outlook for People with Hydrocephalus

The long-term effects of hydrocephalus depend on the cause and severity of the condition. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, many people with hydrocephalus can lead relatively active lives. Ongoing monitoring, therapy, and support are essential for managing symptoms and improving outcomes. If you suspect that you or a loved one may have hydrocephalus, consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment plan.

For more information on hydrocephalus, visit The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.

The Bottom Line

Early surgical intervention prevents irreversible brain damage and allows most patients to maintain normal cognitive function and mobility. Shunt systems require lifelong monitoring, but many people live completely normal lives with proper management. If you're experiencing persistent headaches, balance problems, or cognitive changes, Doctronic can help determine if neurological evaluation is needed.