Henoch-Schonlein Purpura: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Henoch-Schonlein Purpura (HSP) is a disease that causes inflammation of small blood vessels, leading to leaking in the skin, intestines, kidneys, and joints. It most commonly affects children, particularly boys, between the ages of 2 and 11. Adults who develop HSP generally experience more severe cases.

Symptoms of Henoch-Schonlein Purpura

The classic symptoms of HSP include:

• Rash: A raised, bruise-like rash over the legs or buttocks that affects both sides of the body equally.

• Joint pain and swelling: Inflammation of the joints, particularly the knees and ankles, lasting a few days.

• Abdominal pain: Pain or cramping in the gastrointestinal tract, which may lead to loss of appetite, vomiting, or diarrhea.

• Kidney problems: Mild kidney impairment, indicated by protein or blood in the urine, which usually resolves without long-term damage.

Before these symptoms appear, patients may experience fever, headache, and muscular aches and pains for two to three weeks.

Causes and Risk Factors for Henoch-Schonlein Purpura

The exact cause of HSP is unknown, but it is believed to involve an abnormal immune response targeting the blood vessels. Some potential triggers include:

• Upper respiratory tract infections

• Vaccinations (typhoid, cholera, yellow fever, measles, or hepatitis B)

• Certain foods, drugs, chemicals, or insect bites

• Colder weather during fall and winter

Diagnosing Henoch-Schonlein Purpura

HSP can often be diagnosed based on the presence of the typical rash, arthritis, and abdominal pain. However, doctors may perform additional tests to rule out other conditions, confirm the diagnosis, and assess the severity of the disease. These tests may include:

• Skin or kidney biopsies

• Urine and blood tests to monitor kidney function

Treatment Options for Henoch-Schonlein Purpura

There is no specific treatment for HSP, but over-the-counter pain medications like acetaminophen or NSAIDs can help manage joint pain. In some cases, corticosteroid medication may be prescribed. The rash and joint pain usually resolve within four to six weeks without causing permanent damage.

It is essential to monitor kidney function closely, as about 5% of patients may develop progressive kidney disease, and 1% may experience total kidney failure. Regular follow-up with a healthcare provider is crucial to prevent serious complications.

For more information on Henoch-Schonlein Purpura, consult the following reputable sources:

• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

• American College of Rheumatology

• National Organization for Rare Disorders