If you and your partner have been trying to conceive without success, it may be time to consider fertility tests. Experts recommend seeking medical advice if you have been having regular, unprotected sex for 12 months (if you are under 35) or 6 months (if you are over 35) without achieving pregnancy. It is important for both partners to undergo testing together to identify any potential issues.
When you visit your doctor, they will likely begin by asking questions about your health and lifestyle. Be prepared to discuss the following:
Medical history, including any chronic conditions or surgeries
Medications you are currently taking
Smoking, alcohol consumption, caffeine intake, and illicit drug use
Exposure to chemicals, toxins, or radiation at home or work
Frequency of sexual intercourse and any difficulties during sex
History of sexually transmitted diseases
Any previous pregnancies or infertility treatments
For women, your doctor will also inquire about your menstrual cycle, including the regularity of your periods, any changes in blood flow, and the presence of blood clots.
There is no single definitive test for infertility. Instead, doctors use a variety of methods to identify potential problems that may contribute to fertility issues. Some common tests for women include:
Pap smear: This test detects abnormal cells around the cervix, which may indicate cervical cancer or sexually transmitted diseases that can interfere with pregnancy.
Ovulation tests: Your doctor may ask you to take a urine test at home to measure luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, which surge just before ovulation. Blood tests can also measure progesterone levels to confirm ovulation.
Thyroid and hormonal tests: These tests can help rule out conditions that may cause missed or irregular ovulation.
To achieve pregnancy, your uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries must all function properly. Your doctor may recommend the following procedures to assess the health of these organs:
Hysterosalpingogram (HSG): This series of X-rays of your fallopian tubes and uterus is taken after your doctor injects a liquid dye through the vagina. It can help identify blocked fallopian tubes or uterine defects.
Transvaginal ultrasound: An ultrasound wand is placed in the vagina to create images of the ovaries and uterus, allowing your doctor to check for abnormalities.
Hysteroscopy: A thin, flexible tube with a camera is inserted through the cervix into the uterus, enabling your doctor to visualize any issues and take tissue samples if needed.
Laparoscopy: Small incisions are made in your abdomen, and tools, including a camera, are inserted to examine your pelvic organs and potentially correct problems such as endometriosis.
Additional tests that your doctor may order include:
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) test: High FSH levels can indicate lower fertility in women. This blood test is usually performed early in the menstrual cycle (often on day 3).
Clomiphene citrate challenge test: This test involves taking a clomiphene citrate pill on days 5-9 of your menstrual cycle, with FSH levels checked on days 3 and 10. High FSH levels suggest a lower likelihood of pregnancy.
Anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) test: AMH levels can provide insight into ovarian reserve, with very low levels indicating a diminished reserve.
Your doctor will discuss which tests are most appropriate for your specific situation. After completing the necessary tests, approximately 85% of couples will have a better understanding of the factors contributing to their difficulty conceiving.
Remember, seeking help for infertility can be an emotional journey, but with the support of your partner and healthcare team, you can work towards achieving your goal of starting a family. For more information on fertility and reproductive health, visit CDC's Infertility page, ReproductiveFacts.org, or ACOG's Evaluating Infertility FAQ.
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