Encephalitis is a rare but serious condition that causes inflammation in the brain. It affects about 10-15 in 100,000 people each year in the United States. While it can occur in anyone, young children, older adults, and those with weakened immune systems are most vulnerable.
Most cases of encephalitis are caused by viral infections, such as the herpes simplex virus (HSV), West Nile virus, and measles. Less commonly, it can be caused by bacterial or fungal infections, autoimmune conditions, and certain medications.
Symptoms of encephalitis can vary depending on the type and severity of the condition. Common symptoms include:
High fever
Severe headache
Sensitivity to light and sound
Neck stiffness
Confusion and disorientation
Seizures
Weakness or paralysis
If you or someone you know experiences any of these symptoms, seek medical attention immediately.
To diagnose encephalitis, your doctor will perform a physical exam and ask about your symptoms and medical history. They may also order tests such as:
Blood tests
Imaging tests (CT scan, MRI)
Spinal tap (lumbar puncture)
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Treatment for encephalitis depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In most cases, treatment involves:
Antiviral medications
Antibiotics (for bacterial infections)
Corticosteroids (to reduce inflammation)
Anticonvulsants (to control seizures)
Supportive care (IV fluids, oxygen, etc.)
Recovery from encephalitis can take several weeks or months. Some people may experience long-term complications such as memory loss, personality changes, and epilepsy.
While not all cases of encephalitis can be prevented, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk:
Stay up-to-date on vaccinations
Protect yourself from mosquito and tick bites
Practice good hygiene (wash hands frequently, avoid sharing personal items)
Avoid contact with people who are sick
If you have concerns about your risk of developing encephalitis, talk to your doctor. They can provide personalized recommendations based on your health and lifestyle.
For more information about encephalitis, visit the CDC website, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, or the Mayo Clinic.
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