Understanding Cystic Hygroma: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options

Cystic hygroma is a rare condition that affects approximately one in 8,000 babies. It occurs when the lymphatic system, which helps filter out harmful substances from the body, becomes blocked during fetal development. This blockage leads to the formation of a cyst, usually in the head or neck region of the baby.

Symptoms of Cystic Hygroma

The symptoms of cystic hygroma can vary depending on the size and location of the cyst. Some common signs include:

• A visible bulge under the skin, which may have a slightly blue appearance

• Difficulty eating and slow growth in newborns

• Breathing problems if the cyst is located near the throat

• Infections within the cyst

• Damage to nearby bones and teeth if left untreated

Causes of Cystic Hygroma

Cystic hygroma can develop due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors that affect the growth of the lymphatic system in the womb. In some cases, it may be associated with genetic conditions such as Turner, Down, or Noonan syndromes. However, the exact cause is often unclear, and the cyst may even disappear during pregnancy.

Diagnosing Cystic Hygroma

Cystic hygroma is typically diagnosed during routine prenatal ultrasounds, usually by the 20th week of pregnancy. If a cyst is detected, the doctor may recommend additional tests, such as:

• Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) to examine genetic material from the placenta

• Amniocentesis to analyze amniotic fluid for genetic conditions

• Frequent ultrasounds to monitor cyst development and potential complications

If a cystic hygroma is discovered after birth, the child may undergo chest X-rays, ultrasounds, MRIs, or CT scans to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment Options for Cystic Hygroma

The primary treatment for cystic hygroma is surgical removal. Although there is a 15% chance of recurrence if parts of the cyst are left behind, surgery remains the most effective option. Alternative treatments, such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, steroids, and sclerotherapy (injection of a salt solution), may be considered but are generally less effective than surgery.

Potential Complications

Cystic hygroma can lead to various complications, including abnormal amniotic fluid levels, miscarriage, breathing difficulties, facial deformities, skin infections, and surgical risks like nerve damage and heavy bleeding. Parents of children with cystic hygroma may benefit from support groups such as the Birth Defect Research for Children and the Lymphatic Education and Research Network.

If you suspect your child may have a cystic hygroma, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan. Early intervention can help minimize complications and ensure the best possible outcome for your child.

For more information on cystic hygroma and related conditions, visit reputable sources such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP).

The Bottom Line

Early prenatal detection through ultrasound is crucial since neck location can cause immediate breathing emergencies requiring surgical intervention. Complete surgical removal provides the best long-term results, though the procedure's complexity depends heavily on the cyst's size and location. If you notice soft, bluish masses on your newborn or have concerns about prenatal findings, Doctronic can help connect you with specialists quickly.