Cystic hygroma is a rare condition that affects approximately one in 8,000 babies. It occurs when the lymphatic system, which helps filter out harmful substances from the body, becomes blocked during fetal development. This blockage leads to the formation of a cyst, usually in the head or neck region of the baby.
The symptoms of cystic hygroma can vary depending on the size and location of the cyst. Some common signs include:
A visible bulge under the skin, which may have a slightly blue appearance
Difficulty eating and slow growth in newborns
Breathing problems if the cyst is located near the throat
Infections within the cyst
Damage to nearby bones and teeth if left untreated
Cystic hygroma can develop due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors that affect the growth of the lymphatic system in the womb. In some cases, it may be associated with genetic conditions such as Turner, Down, or Noonan syndromes. However, the exact cause is often unclear, and the cyst may even disappear during pregnancy.
Cystic hygroma is typically diagnosed during routine prenatal ultrasounds, usually by the 20th week of pregnancy. If a cyst is detected, the doctor may recommend additional tests, such as:
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) to examine genetic material from the placenta
Amniocentesis to analyze amniotic fluid for genetic conditions
Frequent ultrasounds to monitor cyst development and potential complications
If a cystic hygroma is discovered after birth, the child may undergo chest X-rays, ultrasounds, MRIs, or CT scans to confirm the diagnosis.
The primary treatment for cystic hygroma is surgical removal. Although there is a 15% chance of recurrence if parts of the cyst are left behind, surgery remains the most effective option. Alternative treatments, such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, steroids, and sclerotherapy (injection of a salt solution), may be considered but are generally less effective than surgery.
Cystic hygroma can lead to various complications, including abnormal amniotic fluid levels, miscarriage, breathing difficulties, facial deformities, skin infections, and surgical risks like nerve damage and heavy bleeding. Parents of children with cystic hygroma may benefit from support groups such as the Birth Defect Research for Children and the Lymphatic Education and Research Network.
If you suspect your child may have a cystic hygroma, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan. Early intervention can help minimize complications and ensure the best possible outcome for your child.
For more information on cystic hygroma and related conditions, visit reputable sources such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP).
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