Understanding Bipolar Disorder: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options

Creator: Doctronic
Published: 2023-05-21

Medically reviewed by Oghenefejiro Okifo | MD, Harvard Medical School | Henry Ford Hospital - Detroit, MI on May 21st, 2023.

Key Takeaways

Three distinct types exist: Bipolar I requires at least one full manic episode lasting 7+ days, Bipolar II involves hypomanic episodes (4+ days) with major depression, and Cyclothymic involves milder mood swings for 2+ years.
Manic episodes feature decreased sleep need (as little as 2-3 hours nightly), grandiose thinking, hypersexuality, and dangerous impulsivity like spending sprees or risky business decisions that can last weeks without treatment.
Genetic factors account for 60-80% of risk—having one parent with the condition increases your likelihood 10-fold, while brain imaging shows structural differences in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala.
Lithium remains the gold standard mood stabilizer, requiring blood level monitoring every 3-6 months (therapeutic range 0.6-1.2 mEq/L), while newer options like lamotrigine target depressive episodes specifically.
Medication adherence is critical—up to 60% of patients stop taking prescribed drugs within the first year, leading to a 5x higher relapse rate and increased suicide risk.

Bipolar disorder, formerly known as manic depression, is a mental health condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by extreme mood swings, ranging from periods of intense highs (mania or hypomania) to severe lows (depression). If you or someone you know has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder, it's essential to understand the causes, symptoms, and available treatment options.

What Causes Bipolar Disorder?

While the exact cause of bipolar disorder is not fully understood, experts believe that several factors may play a role, including:

Genetics: Studies suggest that bipolar disorder can run in families, indicating a genetic component.
Brain chemistry: Imbalances in brain chemicals, such as serotonin and dopamine, may contribute to the development of bipolar disorder.
Environmental factors: Stressful life events, childhood trauma, and substance abuse may trigger the onset of bipolar disorder in some individuals.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder is characterized by distinct mood episodes, which can include mania, hypomania, and depression. Some common symptoms of each episode include:

Mania Symptoms:

Feeling extremely happy, excited, or irritable
Having increased energy and decreased need for sleep
Talking rapidly and jumping from one idea to another
Engaging in risky or impulsive behaviors
Experiencing grandiose thoughts or delusions

Hypomania Symptoms:

Similar to mania but less severe and disruptive
Increased productivity and creativity
Heightened self-esteem and sociability

Depression Symptoms:

Persistent feelings of sadness, emptiness, or hopelessness
Loss of interest in activities once enjoyed
Changes in appetite and sleep patterns
Difficulty concentrating and making decisions
Thoughts of death or suicide

Understanding Bipolar Disorder: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options

Types of Bipolar Disorder

There are several types of bipolar disorder, each with its own unique pattern of symptoms:

Bipolar I Disorder: Characterized by at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or depressive episodes.
Bipolar II Disorder: Involves one or more major depressive episodes and at least one hypomanic episode, but no full-blown manic episodes.
Cyclothymic Disorder: A milder form of bipolar disorder, with less severe mood swings that persist for at least two years.

Diagnosing Bipolar Disorder

Diagnosing bipolar disorder can be challenging, as symptoms may overlap with other mental health conditions. A mental health professional, such as a psychiatrist or psychologist, will conduct a thorough evaluation, which may include:

A physical exam to rule out other medical conditions
A psychological evaluation to assess mood, thoughts, and behavior patterns
A review of family medical history and personal experiences

To be diagnosed with bipolar disorder, an individual's symptoms must meet the criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).

Treatment Options for Bipolar Disorder

While there is no cure for bipolar disorder, effective treatment can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication and psychotherapy, such as:

Mood stabilizers: Medications like lithium and anticonvulsants help regulate mood and prevent manic and depressive episodes.
Antipsychotics: These medications can help control symptoms of mania and psychosis.
Psychotherapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, and family-focused therapy can help individuals develop coping skills and improve relationships.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): In severe cases, ECT may be used to provide rapid relief from symptoms.

It's essential to work closely with a mental health professional to develop a personalized treatment plan and make any necessary adjustments along the way.

Living with Bipolar Disorder

Living with bipolar disorder can be challenging, but with proper treatment and support, many individuals lead fulfilling lives. Some strategies for managing bipolar disorder include:

Adhering to a consistent treatment plan
Maintaining a regular sleep schedule and healthy lifestyle habits
Identifying and avoiding triggers that may exacerbate symptoms
Building a strong support system of family, friends, and mental health professionals
Participating in support groups or therapy to connect with others who understand the challenges of bipolar disorder

If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of bipolar disorder, it's crucial to seek help from a qualified mental health professional. With the right treatment and support, it is possible to manage symptoms and lead a healthy, productive life.

For more information on bipolar disorder, visit:

The Bottom Line

Early recognition and consistent treatment can prevent the devastating personal and financial consequences of untreated episodes, which cost the average person $200,000+ in lifetime medical expenses and lost productivity. Combining mood stabilizers with psychotherapy reduces hospitalization rates by 40% compared to medication alone. If you're experiencing extreme mood swings or energy changes that disrupt your daily life, Doctronic can help you understand your symptoms and connect with appropriate care.