Understanding Basal Cell Carcinoma: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Options

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common form of skin cancer, accounting for 90% of all skin cancer cases in the United States. Although it can be concerning to receive a skin cancer diagnosis, BCC is the least risky type of skin cancer and is highly treatable when caught early.

Symptoms of Basal Cell Carcinoma

Basal cell carcinomas can appear differently on various skin types. Here are five warning signs to watch for:

• An open sore that doesn't heal, which may ooze liquid or blood and form a crust

• A reddish, irritated-looking patch of skin on the face, chest, shoulder, arm, or leg

• A shiny bump that may be pearly, clear, pink, red, white, tan, black, or brown

• A small pink growth with a slightly raised edge and a crusty dent in the middle

• An area that looks like a scar, which may be white, yellow, or waxy

Causes and Risk Factors

The main cause of basal cell carcinoma is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun or indoor tanning beds. Over time, UV rays can damage the DNA in skin cells, leading to the development of cancer. Other risk factors include:

• History of skin cancer

• Age (people over 50 are more likely to develop BCC)

• Fair skin that burns or freckles easily

• Being male or assigned male at birth

• Ongoing skin infections and inflammation

Diagnosis and Treatment Options

To diagnose basal cell carcinoma, your doctor will examine your skin and may perform a biopsy to test for cancer cells. Treatment options depend on the size, location, and duration of the cancer, as well as your overall health. Some common treatments include:

• Excision (cutting out the tumor)

• Curettage and desiccation (scraping the tumor away and using electricity to kill cancer cells)

• Cryosurgery (freezing cancer cells)

• Radiation therapy

• Mohs surgery (removing the tumor layer by layer)

• Creams and pills (such as fluorouracil, imiquimod, sonidegib, or vismodegib)

Prognosis and Prevention

Basal cell carcinoma rarely spreads to other parts of the body, and treatment is usually successful, especially when caught early. However, it's essential to take precautions to lower your risk of developing skin cancer in the future:

• Check your skin regularly for new growths or changes

• Avoid excessive sun exposure, especially between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m.

• Use sunscreen with at least 6% zinc oxide and an SPF of 30 daily

• Wear protective clothing, such as a broad-brimmed hat and long-sleeved shirts

For more information and support, visit the American Cancer Society's website, The Skin Cancer Foundation, or consult with your healthcare provider.