Medically reviewed by Oghenefejiro Okifo | MD, Harvard Medical School | Henry Ford Hospital - Detroit, MI on February 1st, 2024.
Ameloblastoma is a rare, benign but locally aggressive tumor of the jaw arising from enamel-forming cells, representing about 1% of all oral tumors and 10% of odontogenic (tooth-related) tumors.
Most occur in the mandible (80%, especially near molars) in adults aged 30-60, presenting as slow-growing painless swelling that may eventually cause facial asymmetry, loose teeth, or difficulty chewing.
Imaging shows characteristic "soap bubble" or honeycomb appearance on X-ray/CT due to multiple cystic spaces; biopsy confirms the diagnosis and distinguishes ameloblastoma from dentigerous cysts or other jaw lesions.
Despite being benign, ameloblastoma has 50-90% recurrence rates with simple curettage (scraping); wide surgical resection with 1-2cm bone margins is now standard treatment to minimize recurrence.
Jaw reconstruction following surgery uses bone grafts (fibula, iliac crest, or rib) with titanium plates, and dental rehabilitation with implants can restore function and appearance, though this is a lengthy multi-stage process.
Ameloblastoma is a rare type of tumor that develops in the jaw, usually near the wisdom teeth or molars. This tumor originates from the cells responsible for forming the protective enamel layer on your teeth. Although ameloblastomas are generally non-cancerous, they can cause pain, swelling, and facial disfigurement if left untreated for an extended period. In some cases, the tumor may become cancerous and spread to nearby lymph nodes or lungs.
Ameloblastomas can affect anyone, but they are most commonly diagnosed in adults between the ages of 30 and 60. In the United States, an estimated 300 to 600 cases are reported each year. While the exact cause of ameloblastomas remains unknown, several factors may increase the risk of developing this condition, including:
Gender: Men are more likely to develop ameloblastomas than women.
Genetic factors: Certain genes appear to play a role in the development of ameloblastomas.
Jaw injury or infection: Trauma to the jaw or an oral infection may increase the risk of developing an ameloblastoma.
Other possible factors: Some viruses or nutritional deficiencies (lack of protein or minerals) may be linked to the development of ameloblastomas.
Ameloblastomas typically grow slowly over several months or even years. In the early stages, the primary symptom may be swelling in the back of the jaw, accompanied by tooth or jaw pain. Some people may not experience any symptoms, and the tumor is discovered incidentally during imaging scans for other reasons.
In rare cases, ameloblastomas can grow rapidly and cause severe pain. As the tumor progresses, it may lead to:
Displacement of teeth
Spread to nearby structures, such as the nose, eye socket, or skull
Airway obstruction
Difficulty opening and closing the mouth
Impaired nutrient absorption from food
Dentists often detect ameloblastomas on X-rays, where they may appear as soap bubble-like structures. To confirm the diagnosis and assess the tumor's growth rate, your healthcare provider may recommend the following imaging tests:
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): This test uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of your mouth.
CT (computerized tomography) scan: Multiple X-rays are taken from different angles and combined to provide more comprehensive information about the tumor.
In some cases, your doctor may perform a biopsy, which involves taking a small tissue sample from the tumor for microscopic examination. This procedure helps confirm the diagnosis and determine the tumor's growth rate.
Surgery is the primary treatment for most non-cancerous ameloblastomas, as drugs and radiation have limited effectiveness against these tumors. To minimize the risk of recurrence, your surgeon will remove the tumor along with a margin of healthy tissue surrounding it. This may involve removing a portion of your jaw, as well as some arteries and nerves that affect your facial function.
After tumor removal, your doctor may recommend reconstructive surgery to restore your jaw using bone grafts from other parts of your body or artificial bone materials. You may also require dental prosthetics.
After surgery, you will undergo a CT scan to ensure the complete removal of the tumor. Regular follow-up scans will be necessary for the next five years to monitor for any signs of recurrence. If the tumor does return, it is more likely to become cancerous.
In cases where the tumor has spread to other parts of the body, radiation therapy is typically recommended to slow or stop its growth. Researchers are also investigating new treatment options, such as drugs that target cancers with similar genetic profiles, in the hope of finding effective non-surgical therapies for ameloblastomas.
If you suspect that you or a loved one may have an ameloblastoma, it is essential to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan. Early detection and intervention can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.
For more information on ameloblastomas and other jaw tumors, visit:
Early detection while tumors are small results in less extensive surgery and better outcomes. If you notice jaw swelling, loose teeth, or difficulty closing your mouth, Doctronic can help evaluate symptoms and coordinate appropriate specialist referral.
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