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What is Hepatocellular Carcinoma? Understanding the Basics of Liver Cancer
Published: Jan 27, 2024
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive form of liver cancer that often develops in people with chronic liver disease. Understanding this condition is crucial for early detection and effective treatment.
What Causes HCC?
HCC typically occurs in people with long-standing liver problems, particularly cirrhosis. Common risk factors include chronic hepatitis B or C infections, excessive alcohol consumption, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The damaged liver cells are more likely to develop mutations that can lead to cancer.
Signs and Symptoms
Early-stage HCC often has no symptoms, which is why screening is important for at-risk individuals. As the cancer progresses, symptoms may include unexplained weight loss, loss of appetite, abdominal pain or swelling, jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes), and fatigue. Some patients may experience fever, enlarged liver, or blood clotting problems.
Diagnosis and Staging
Diagnosing HCC typically involves blood tests, imaging studies like CT or MRI scans, and sometimes a liver biopsy. Doctors use staging systems, such as the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) system, to determine the extent of the disease. This staging considers tumor size, number of tumors, liver function, and overall health status.
Treatment Options
Treatment for HCC depends on the stage of the cancer and the patient's overall liver function. Options may include surgical resection, liver transplantation, local ablation therapies, embolization procedures, radiation therapy, and systemic treatments like targeted therapy or immunotherapy. A multidisciplinary team approach is often used to determine the best treatment plan.
Frequently Asked Questions
Early-stage HCC can be curable with appropriate treatment.
People with cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis B or C, or other liver diseases.
HCC is the most common type of primary liver cancer in adults.
Reducing risk factors and regular screening for at-risk individuals can help.
Survival rates vary widely depending on stage at diagnosis and treatment.
Key Takeaways
Understanding HCC, its risk factors, and treatment options is crucial for improving outcomes for those affected by this serious liver condition.
References
- European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2018; 69:182.
- Llovet JM, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2021; 7:6.
- Heimbach J, et al. AASLD guidelines for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2018; 67:358-380.
This article has been reviewed for accuracy by one of the licensed medical doctors working for Doctronic. Always discuss health information with your healthcare provider.
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