What Is Acute Calculous Cholecystitis and How Is It Treated?

Acute calculous cholecystitis (ACC) is a condition characterized by sudden inflammation of the gallbladder, often accompanied by severe pain, fever, and high white blood cell counts. It is typically caused by gallstones blocking the gallbladder duct, leading to inflammation. While most cases are due to gallstones, some occur without them, called acalculous cholecystitis. The condition can lead to severe complications like gallbladder rupture if not treated promptly.

Diagnosing acute calculous cholecystitis involves a physical examination where a doctor presses on the abdomen to check for pain. A positive Murphy's sign, which is pain upon pressing the right upper abdomen, can suggest ACC. Imaging tests like ultrasound or cholescintigraphy are used to confirm the diagnosis. These tests help visualize the gallbladder and identify any blockages caused by gallstones.

The main treatment for ACC is surgery to remove the gallbladder, known as cholecystectomy. In patients who cannot undergo surgery immediately, antibiotics and gallbladder drainage may be used initially. Elective surgery may be performed later once the inflammation subsides. In some cases, particularly with complications, emergency surgery is necessary.

ACC can lead to severe complications if not treated, such as gallbladder gangrene or rupture. These complications can be life-threatening and require immediate medical attention. The risks involved in treating ACC depend on the patient's overall health and the severity of the condition. Older patients or those with other health issues may face higher risks during treatment.

Understanding ACC is crucial for early intervention and avoiding severe complications.