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The Trigger Point: What Really Causes Guillain-Barré Syndrome?
Published: Aug 02, 2024
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is like a domino effect in your body. It starts with one event, often an infection, which sets off a chain reaction leading to nerve damage. But what exactly triggers this cascade?
The Usual Suspects: Infections
In about two-thirds of GBS cases, symptoms start 1-4 weeks after an infection. The most common culprit is a bacteria called Campylobacter jejuni, which causes food poisoning. Other frequent offenders include the flu virus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus. Even COVID-19 has been linked to some cases of GBS.
The Case of Mistaken Identity
GBS is an autoimmune disorder, meaning your immune system attacks your own body by mistake. In GBS, it targets your nerves. This happens through a process called molecular mimicry. Parts of the infection look similar to parts of your nerves. Your immune system, trying to fight the infection, accidentally attacks your nerves too.
Beyond Infections: Other Potential Triggers
While infections are the most common trigger, they're not the only ones. In rare cases, GBS has been linked to certain vaccines, though the risk is extremely small. Surgery, trauma, and even pregnancy have also been associated with GBS in some cases. However, for many people with GBS, no clear trigger is ever identified.
The Role of Genetics
While GBS isn't typically considered a genetic disorder, your genes may play a role in your susceptibility. Some people might be genetically predisposed to develop GBS when exposed to certain triggers. However, having a family member with GBS doesn't necessarily mean you'll get it too.
Frequently Asked Questions
Stress alone doesn't cause GBS, but may affect immune function.
No, you can't catch GBS from someone else.
There's no known way to prevent GBS.
No, GBS is rare even among those with associated infections.
Yes, in some cases no clear trigger is identified.
The Bottom Line
While we know many potential triggers for GBS, the exact cause in each case often remains a mystery.
References
- Yuki N, Hartung HP. Guillain-Barré syndrome. N Engl J Med 2012; 366:2294.
- Jacobs BC, Rothbarth PH, van der Meché FG, et al. The spectrum of antecedent infections in Guillain-Barré syndrome: a case-control study. Neurology 1998; 51:1110.
- Shahrizaila N, Lehmann HC, Kuwabara S. Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet 2021; 397:1214.
This article has been reviewed for accuracy by one of the licensed medical doctors working for Doctronic. Always discuss health information with your healthcare provider.
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