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Splenic Rupture: A Rare but Serious Emergency
Published: Mar 17, 2024
Splenic rupture is a potentially life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention. But what causes it, and how can you recognize the signs?
Understanding Splenic Rupture
The spleen is a delicate organ filled with blood. When it ruptures, it can cause rapid internal bleeding. This can happen due to trauma, like a car accident or sports injury. However, sometimes splenic rupture can occur without obvious trauma, a condition known as atraumatic splenic rupture.
Risk Factors for Splenic Rupture
Several conditions can increase the risk of splenic rupture. Infections like mononucleosis can cause the spleen to enlarge, making it more vulnerable to rupture. Blood cancers, such as leukemia or lymphoma, can also increase risk. Certain medications, including anticoagulants, may contribute to spontaneous rupture in rare cases.
Recognizing the Signs
The symptoms of splenic rupture can be dramatic. Severe, sudden pain in the left upper abdomen is common. This may be accompanied by left shoulder pain, a phenomenon called Kehr's sign. Other symptoms can include lightheadedness, rapid heartbeat, and difficulty breathing. In severe cases, a person may lose consciousness due to blood loss.
Diagnosis and Treatment
If splenic rupture is suspected, immediate medical attention is crucial. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies like CT scans or ultrasounds, along with blood tests. Treatment depends on the severity of the rupture. In some cases, observation and supportive care may be sufficient. More severe cases may require surgery, potentially including removal of the spleen (splenectomy).
Frequently Asked Questions
Yes, this is called atraumatic or spontaneous splenic rupture.
Yes, it requires immediate medical attention due to the risk of severe bleeding.
While not always preventable, avoiding high-impact activities when the spleen is enlarged can help.
Not always; some cases can be managed without surgery, depending on severity.
Most people recover well, though those who have their spleen removed need ongoing medical care.
Stay Alert, Stay Safe
While splenic rupture is rare, being aware of the risks and symptoms can help ensure prompt treatment if it does occur.
References
- Renzulli P, et al. Systematic review of atraumatic splenic rupture. Br J Surg 2009; 96:1114.
- Aubrey-Bassler FK, Sowers N. 613 cases of splenic rupture without risk factors or previously diagnosed disease: a systematic review. BMC Emerg Med 2012; 12:11.
- Kocael PC, et al. Characteristics of patients with spontaneous splenic rupture. Int Surg 2014; 99:714-718.
This article has been reviewed for accuracy by one of the licensed medical doctors working for Doctronic. Always discuss health information with your healthcare provider.
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