People with HIV are vulnerable to various infections due to weakened immune systems. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) remains prevalent, though antiretroviral therapy (ART) has reduced its occurrence. Bacterial lung infections are common, with tuberculosis (TB) being a significant issue, especially in places with limited medical resources. Viral infections, like cytomegalovirus, also pose risks and can complicate HIV-related lung diseases.

HIV can lead to noninfectious lung issues despite ART advancements. Lung cancer and Hodgkin lymphoma cases are increasing among HIV patients. Emphysema is also a concern, sometimes unrelated to smoking. HIV may cause lung tissue damage through immune system responses, leading to various lung conditions.

Assessing lung problems in HIV patients requires understanding their immune status, symptom onset, and potential exposures. Symptoms vary: PCP causes gradual breathing troubles, while bacterial infections trigger sudden symptoms. TB risk factors include travel to certain regions or being in crowded places like shelters. Physical exams may reveal skin or eye signs pointing to specific lung diseases.

Understanding and managing lung diseases in HIV patients is crucial for improving their quality of life.